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VetBooks.ir The emboli are believed to originate from the nucleus Furr M, Read S (2015) Equine Neurology, 2nd edn. Wiley
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pulposus of the intervertebral discs, but the exact cause
Grumelli C, Verderio C, Pozzi D et al. (2005)
and mechanism by which they occur are unknown.
There is no effective treatment and affected animals Internalization and mechanism of action of clostridial
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have not recovered, although improvement over time MacKay RJ (2004) Brain injury after head trauma:
has been noted. The prognosis for this condition in Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Vet Clin
dogs is good, with partial to complete recovery seen North Am Equine Pract 20(1):199–216.
over weeks to months, and therefore if this condition Mayhew J (2008) Large Animal Neurology, 2nd edn. Wiley-
is suspected hasty euthanasia should be discouraged. Blackwell, Chichester.
Pease A, Behan A, Bohart G (2012) Ultrasound-guided
FURTHER READING cervical centesis to obtain cerebrospinal fluid in the
standing horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 53(1):92–95.
de Lahunta A, Glass E (2009) Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Tambaschi M, Dunkel B, Mullard J et al. (2014) Latero-
Clinical Neurology, 3rd edn. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis.
Finno CJ, Bannasch DL (2014) Applied equine genetics. oblique radiography as a diagnostic tool for equine
cervical osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J 46(S47):10–11.
Equine Vet J 46(5):538–544.