Page 2485 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Hypernatremia Hyperproteinemia (Increased Serum Total Protein) 1237

Hypernatremia
VetBooks.ir Pure Water Deficit Parenteral nutrition Cutaneous

Primary hypodipsia (e.g., in miniature schnauzers)
Sodium phosphate enema
Diabetes insipidus: Hyperaldosteronism Renal Burns
Central Hyperadrenocorticism Osmotic diuresis
Nephrogenic Hypotonic Fluid Loss Diabetes mellitus
High environmental temperature Extrarenal Mannitol infusion
Fever Gastrointestinal Chemical diuretics
Inadequate access to water
Vomiting Chronic kidney disease
Impermeable Solute Gain Diarrhea Nonoliguric acute kidney injury
Salt poisoning Small-intestinal obstruction Postobstructive diuresis
Hypertonic fluids Third-space loss
Hypertonic saline Peritonitis
Sodium bicarbonate Pancreatitis
From DiBartola S: Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice, ed 4, St. Louis, 2012, Saunders.

Hyperphosphatemia

Maldistribution (Translocation) Decreased Loss Differentials, Lists,
Tumor cell lysis Acute or chronic kidney disease and Mnemonics
Tissue trauma or rhabdomyolysis Uroabdomen or urethral obstruction
Hemolysis Hypoparathyroidism
Metabolic acidosis Acromegaly*
Increased Intake Hyperthyroidism
Gastrointestinal Physiologic: young growing animal
Phosphate enemas Laboratory Error (e.g., lipemia or hyperproteinemia, depending on
Vitamin D intoxication methodology)
Parenteral
IV phosphate
*Importance in veterinary medicine uncertain.
From DiBartola S: Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice, ed 4, St. Louis, 2012, Saunders.

Hyperproteinemia (Increased Serum Total Protein)

Inflammation Antigenic response (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus
Infectious erythamatosus)
Bacterial (e.g., deep pyoderma, brucellosis) Paraneoplastic Protein Synthesis
Viral (e.g., feline infectious peritonitis, feline immunodeficiency virus) Multiple myeloma
Protozoal (e.g., leishmaniasis, hepatozoonosis) Lymphoma
Rickettsial (e.g., ehrlichiosis)
Fungal (e.g., blastomycosis, histoplasmosis) Dehydration
Noninfectious Hemoconcentration can elevate both albumin and globulin fractions.
Dehydration/hemoconcentration is the only differential diagnosis to explain
Neoplasia (especially if necrotic areas are present) hyperalbuminemia.
Foreign-body granuloma
Modified from Cowell R: Veterinary clinical pathology secrets, St. Louis, 2004, Mosby, p 56.

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