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Hypercalcemia: Laboratory Findings Hypercapnia 1233

Hypercalcemia: Laboratory Findings
VetBooks.ir PTH PTHrP Ionized Calcium Phosphorus Vitamin D BUN

Parathyroid adenoma N to +++ − +++ − N/++ N/+
Hypercalcemia of malignancy − ++ ++ − N N/+
Hypoadrenocorticism N N + N/+ N N/+
Vitamin D toxicosis − − +++ ++ +++ N/+
Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism ++ N/++ + ++ N +++
Granulomatous disease −/N ? + N N/+ N
Parathyroid hyperplasia N to +++ − +++ − N/++ N/+
BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; N, normal blood concentration; PTH, parathyroid hormone; PTHrP, PTH-related protein; (−), below normal blood concentration; (+), greater than normal blood concentration.
Modified from Slatter D: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.

Hypercalcemia: Mnemonics

Hypercalcemia: HARD IONS Hypercalcemia: HOGS IN YARD
H—hyperparathyroidism H—hyperparathyroidism Differentials, Lists, and Mnemonics
A—Addison’s disease O—osteolytic lesions
R—renal failure G—granulomatous disease
D—D vitamin and granuloma S—spurious
I—idiopathic I—idiopathic
O—osteolytic lesions N—neoplastic disease
N—neoplasia Y—young, growing dogs
S—spurious A—Addison’s disease
R—renal failure
D—vitamin D

Hypercapnia

Hypoventilation Pleural Fibrosis
Neuromuscular disorder Pulmonary Parenchymal Disease (Late)
Medullary dysfunction (e.g., excessive depth of anesthesia, intracranial disease) Inappropriate Ventilator Settings
Cervical disease or neuromuscular disease Dead-Space Rebreathing
Airway Obstruction Recent Bicarbonate Therapy (in Ventilatory Compromised Animals)
Large-airway obstruction (e.g., laryngeal paralysis, tracheal collapse) Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis
Small-airway obstruction (e.g., chronic airway disease, bronchoconstriction) Increased Carbon Dioxide Production
Thoracic Wall Problems Fever/hyperthermia
Open pneumothorax Thyrotoxicossi
Flail chest Increased catabolism (e.g., sepsis, steroids)
Anterior displacement of the diaphragm by abdominal space filling disorders
Pleural space filling disorder (e.g., air, fluid, diaphragmatic hernia)
Definition of hypercapnia (synonym: hypercarbia): abnormally increased arterial carbon dioxide tension (e.g., in dogs: PCO 2 >50 mm Hg [venous], >44 mm Hg [arterial]; in cats: PCO 2 >45 mm Hg [venous],
>32 mm Hg [arterial]).
Modified from King L: Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats, St. Louis, 2004, Saunders, p. 184.

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