Page 262 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

234 PART I Cardiovascular System Disorders

is external compression of the cranial cava, usually by a mass. Heilmann RM, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in greyhounds and its
Pleural effusion occurs commonly; the effusion is often association with hyperfolatemia and other clinicopathologic
VetBooks.ir chylous because lymph flow from the thoracic duct into the Hogan DF, et al. Antiplatelet effects and pharmacodynamics of
variables. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:109–116.
cranial vena cava also is impaired. Thrombosis that extends
clopidogrel in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:1406–1411.
into the jugular veins is palpable in some cases. Because vena
caval obstruction reduces pulmonary blood flow and both Hogan DF, et al. Secondary prevention of cardiogenic arterial
thromboembolism in the cat: the double-blind, randomized,
left heart and right heart filling, signs of poor cardiac output positive-controlled feline arterial thromboembolism; clopidogrel
are common. vs. aspirin trial (FAT CAT). J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17:S306–S317.
Diagnosis of venous thrombosis is confirmed using Kidd L, Stepien RL, Amrheiw DP. Clinical findings and coro-
ultrasound or contrast imaging (angiography or CT with nary artery disease in dogs and cats with acute and subacute
contrast). Vena caval thrombosis might be visible on echo- myocardial necrosis: 28 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2000;36:
cardiogram, especially when the clot extends into the RA. 199–208.
Thrombosis of the portal vein or caudal vena cava can be Kidd L, Mackman N. Prothrombotic mechanisms and anticoagu-
documented on abdominal ultrasound. Computer tomogra- lant therapy in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
phy with contrast can allow imaging of multiple body areas J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2013;23:3013.
to demonstrate thrombosis (luminal masses within vessels Lake-Bakaar GA, Johnson EG, Griffiths LG. Aortic thrombosis
in dogs: 31 cases (2000-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;241:
with associated filling defects). 910–915.
Clinicopathologic findings generally reflect underlying Laurenson MP, et al. Concurrent diseases and conditions in dogs
disease and tissue damage resulting from vascular obstruc- with splenic vein thrombosis. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24:1298–1304.
tion. Cranial caval thrombosis has been associated with Licari LG, Kovacic JP. Thrombin physiology and pathophysiology.
thrombocytopenia. Management is as discussed earlier for J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2009;19:11–22.
arterial thrombosis, with an emphasis on anticoagulants Mellett AM, Nakamura RK, Bianco D. A prospective study of clopi-
rather than antiplatelet drugs because of the low shear condi- dogrel therapy in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemo-
tions in the venous system. Stenting of the affected vessel is lytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25:71–75.
another therapeutic option. Moore KE, et al. Retrospective study of streptokinase administra-
tion in 46 cats with arterial thromboembolism. J Vet Emerg Crit
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Suggested Readings Morassi A, et al. Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of rivar-
Alwood AJ, et al. Anticoagulant effects of low-molecular–weight oxaban in dogs with presumed primary immune-mediated
heparins in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:378–387. hemolytic anemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016;26:
Bedard C, Lanevschi-Pietersma A, Dunn M. Evaluation of coagula- 488–494.
tion markers in the plasma of healthy cats and cats with asymp- Myers JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the
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practice: 2004-2012. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28:102–108. thromboembolic disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:
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six dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2000;41:109–114. Olsen LH, et al. Increased platelet aggregation response in Cavalier
Bright JM, Dowers K, Powers BE. Effects of the glycoprotein IIb/ King Charles Spaniels with mitral valve prolapse. J Vet Intern
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thromboembolism in canine immune-mediated hemolytic Respess M, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in 33 dogs: 1998-2011. J
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occurring sepsis. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:674–679. Smith CE, et al. Use of low molecular weight heparin in cats: 57
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Educ Pract Vet. 2003;25:650–658. dose aspirin in 24 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:73–83.
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