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˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰‰ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï È‡Ï˜Á‰ χȈËÂى ÌÈÈ˙·È·Ò‰ ÌÈÂ˙‰ ÔÈ· ¯Â¯·‰
˙Â¢ ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒ· ·Á¯˙Ó ˜ÂÒÈÚ È„ÈÏ ˙Â¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘· ‰‡È·‰ ÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ÌȯÂʇ·
ÏÏη ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ¢ ÌȯÂʇ· ÌÈ·Â˘ÈÈ Ï˘ ‰ÎÈÚ„Â ‚¢‚˘ Ï˘
,˜ÈÂ„Ó Ú„Ó ‰ȇ ‰È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ .˯ٷ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ Ï˘ ‰ÈÓÂÁ˙·Â
‰„ÈÓ ‰· ˘È ‰Â‰·Â ¯·Ú· ˙È˘Â‡ ˙‚‰˙‰· ‰ÈÂÏ˙ ‡È‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰¢‡¯·Â ˘‡¯·
˙·‰Ï ۘȉ ·¯ ˘ÂÓÈ˘ ˙¢ÚÏ Ô˙È ‰È‡ˆÓÓ· ÈÎ ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó ÌÈ·¯ ,˙Â˘¯Ù Ï˘ ‰·¯

                         .‰˜È˙Ú‰ ˙Ú‰ È‰Ï˘· χ¯˘È-ı¯‡· ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙
Ë·Ó ˙„˜Ó ,ÒÁÈÈÏ ¯˙‡Ï ‡È‰ È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ ¯˜Ò‰ Ï˘ ˙ȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ‰¯ËÓ‰
Ȅȯ˘ ,ÌÈÏÎ :Áˢ‰ ÈÙ ÏÚÓ ÌȇˆÓ‰ ˙È˘Â‡‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ Ȅȯ˘ ˙‡ ,˙ȯÂËÒȉ
,ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ‡ί‡-‡Ï‰ ˙¯˜Ӊ ÂÓÎ ‡Ï˘ .„ÂÚ ÌÈί„ ,˙¯„‚ ,ÌÈȇϘÁ ÌÈ˜˙Ó ,‰ÈÈ·
È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ ¯˜Ò‰ ¯˘Ù‡Ó ,Ô΢ӷ ˙ÂÏ·‚ÂÓ ˙ÂȯÂËÒȉ ˙ÂÙ˜˙ ÏÏΠͯ„· Ìȯ‡˙Ó‰
˙¯·Á Ï˘ ÌÂȘ‰ Èί„·Â ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰‰ ÈÎÈω˙· ÁÂÂË Èί‡ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘ ÏÚ „ÂÓÚÏ
Ìȯ˜ÂÒ‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÏÂÎÈ· ÔÂÓË È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ ¯˜Ò‰ Ï˘ ÛÒÂ Ô¯˙È .˙ÂÓ„˜ ˙ÂÈ˘Â‡
ÌÈÈÂÈ˘˘ ¯Á‡Ó ˙‡Ê ,·Á¯Ó· ˙È˘Â‡ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ È‚ÂÒ Ï˘ ·Á¯ Ô‚ӷ ÔÈÁ·‰Ï
.ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ ÌȇˆÓÓ· ÈÂËÈ· È„ÈÏ ‡Â·Ï ÌÈÈÂ˘Ú ÌÈÈ˙„ ÌÈÈÏÎÏÎ ,ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂȈÂÒ
·Â˘Á ÈÒÈÒ· ȯ˜ÁÓ ÈÏÎÏ È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ ¯˜Ò‰ ‰˘Ú ˙Â¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘· ˙‡Ê ‰·ÈÒÓ
‰Ù˜˙·Â ÏÏη ‰˜È˙Ú‰ ˙Ú· ¯ÙΉ ȯÂʇ· ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰‰ Ï˘ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ¯ÂÊÁ˘·
ÌÈÎÂÓÒ‰ ÌȯÂʇ Û‡ ̘ÏÁ ,˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ ̉· ‰ËÏ˘˘ ÌȯÂʇ· 4.˯ٷ ˙ÈÓ¯‰
Ï˘ ‰È‚ÂÏ„Â˙Ó‰ .ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ‡ί‡ Ìȯ˜Ò ˙Â¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘· ÂίÚ ,χ¯˘È-ı¯‡Ï
ÌÈÏ„· Ìȯ˜Ò‰˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ 5.‰„ÈÁ‡ ‰¯ËÓ‰ ͇ ,‰¢ ÌÓ‡ ‰˙Èȉ Âχ Ìȯ˜Ò
ÌÈ˙ÚÏ˘ Í¯Ú ·¯ ÈÏÎÎ ÂÁΉ ̉ 6,‰¯Á·˘ ‰È‚ÂÏ„Â˙Ó·Â Áˢ‰ ÈÂÒÈη ‰ÊÓ ‰Ê

Ï˘ÓÏ Â‡¯ ,ÂÈ˙„ÏÂ˙ ˙‡ ÔÈ·‰Ï ‰È‰È ¯˘Ù‡˘ È„Î ,ÂÈ·Èί ÏÎ ÏÚ ,ÛÂ‰ ÁÂ˙È ˙Â·È˘Á· ÔÂÒ·È‚                      4
                                    .1999 ,Ï"‰ ;1995 ,ÔÂÒ·È‚ ;1991 ,¯ÂϘ ҷȇ ,ÔÂÒ·È‚                 5
                                                                                                         6
G. Barker, ‘Approaches to Archaeological Survey’, ;1981 ,ÔÂÒÈÈ„ ;1988 ,Ò¯‚„ÂÒ ÛÈÏËÈ·
ÌÈ¯Ó‡Ó „ÂÚ .G. Barker and J. Lloyd (eds.), Roman Landscapes, London 1991, pp. 8–9
Ì‚ ‡¯ .Ì˘ ‡¯ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ Ìȯ˜Ò‰ Ï˘ ̉È˙Â¯ÒÁ ÏÚ ̉È˙Â¯˙È ÏÚ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ„Â˙Ó

S.E. Alcock and J.F. Cherry (eds.), Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the
                                                                             Mediterranean, Oxford 2004

S.T. Parker, Romans and Saracens: ‡¯ ‰Ó‚Â„Ï .ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ Ô„¯È‰ ¯·Ú· Ìȯ˜Ò‰ ÌÈËÏ· „ÂÁÈÈ·

A History of the Arabian Frontier, Ameri can School of Oriental Research, Winona Lake,
IN 1986; D.L. Kennedy, ‘The Area of Umm el-Jimal: Maps, Air Photographs, and Surface
Survey’, B. De vries (ed.), Umm El-Jimal: A Frontier Town and its Landscape in Northern

;3891 ,ËÒÂÙÂ ‚È· ;Jordan (JRA Supplementary Series, 26), Portsmouth, RI 1998, pp. 39–90
                             .1998 ,ÈÏ È'‚ ;1998 ,È'‚ ;1996 ,ÌȯÁ‡Â ·ÓÂÏÙ ;1987 ,ͷȇ

Ï˘ÓÏ Â‡¯ .1988 ,Ò¯‚„ÂÒ ÛÈÏËÈ· ;1981 ,ÔÂÒÈÈ„ ‡¯ ÈÒϘ‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ¯˜Ò Ï˘ ˙ÈÏÏÎ ‰Î¯Ú‰Ï
R.J. Rowland, ‘The :‰ÈÈ„¯Ò· ;1996 ,ÌȯÁ‡Â Ï"‰ ;1985 ,¯˜¯· :‰˜È¯Ù‡ ÔÂÙˆ· ¯˜Ò‰ ˙‡

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