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‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻍﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻬﺎﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻴﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.83‬‬

‫ﺎﺛﺎﻴﻧ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺎأﻴﻃﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺳﺎأﻴﻃﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻛﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ »ﺎﻄﺷﺭ‪ / 5ataru / 5atar ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻄﺮ ﺮﻄﺴﻳ« ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ »ﺐﺘﻛ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺧﺮ »ﻞﻛ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺪﺣﺍﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺒﺘﻌﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻑ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ 2‬ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﻋﻻﻩ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻍ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎأﻴﻃ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺎﺛﻖﺋﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻍ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎأﻴﻃ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻜﻲ ﻭﻧﻨﺨﺮ ﺳ ًﺭﺎ‪s‬ﻯ )‪i-wursage‬أ‪،(Ent‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎأﻴﻃ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ »ﺃﻮﻄﺳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻭﺱ« ﺃﻭ« ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ‪39 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﺭﺽ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻬﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺪﺤﺘﺗﺙ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻻﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ »ﺇﻲﻜﻧ(‪ )iknE،‬ﺇﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺈﻗﻠﻴﻢ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ«‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 284‬ﺳﻄﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ »ﺮﻘﻧ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ »ﺃﻭﺭ«‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻻﺩ‪،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔﻭﻻﻋﺎﻗﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﻣﺮ ﻭﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ‬

‫‪Dilmun-a Trading Entrepot Evidence from Hstoricla and‬ﺭ‪38 . Weisgerber.G (19841985-‬‬
‫‪Archaelogical Sources, Translated from German in to English by, wMS, Anne. Marie martin, (Dilmun).‬‬
‫‪no.12. p.5.‬‬

‫‪ . 39‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻨﺟﺔ ﻋﺪﻥ‪ ±،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ﺇﺎﻤﻧ ﺃﺭﺪﻳ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ & ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﺮﺸﻟﻲﻗ ﻣﻦ ﺰﺟﺮﻳﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺏ ﻭ‪ ±‬ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺃﺎﺷﺭﺕ ﺑﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻧﺺ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﻓﺪﻳﻢ ﺇﻰﻟ ﺃﺳﻢ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺮﻔﻟﺩﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺮﺑﺩﻳﺴﻮ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍ )‪(Pildash‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻳﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺮﻓﺩﻭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺮﻤﻟﺔﻴﺑ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺰﺟﺮﻳﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ(ﺑﻴﻦ ‪٠‬ﺎﻣﺎﺟ‪f.‬ﻥ ‪ )anaag‬ﻭﺍﻲﺘﻟ ﻫﻲ »ﺎﺠﻣ‪،‬ﻥ(ﺔﻨﻄﻠﺳ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ) ﻭﻦﻴﺑ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ‪٠‬ﺩﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻥ‪(،‬ﺒﺤﺮ‪،‬ﻳﻦ)‬ ‫‪ (.‬ﻧ‪Bit‬ﺒ‪-‬ﺴﺎ‪N‬ﻧ‪a‬ﻮ‪nau sp‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺮﻌﻟﻲﺑﺮ‪.‬ﻣﺑﻨﺪﺍ‪.‬ﺩ‪36. 1986.‬‬

‫ﺍﺇ‪.‬‬