Page 25 - DILMUN 24

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻍﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ ﻟﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍأﻃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ؟‪.2‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻻﺩ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‪» 2‬ﺎﺠﻣﻥ« (ﺎﻤﻋﻥ)‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ«‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺰﺭ »ﺍﺮﺤﺒﻟﻦﻳ« ﻭﺣﺘﻰ »ﺎﻜﻠﻴﻓ‪ ،2،‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﻤﺪﺓ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﺠﺮﺍﻟﺴﻻﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ »ﺪﺑﻮﻤﻟﻥ« »ﺮﺷﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍ« ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ »ﺰﺟﺮﻳﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﻭﺕ«‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﺇ(ﻖﻴ‪A‬ﻘﺑ«‪ )qaqi b‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ »ﺍﺮﻌﻟﻴﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ »ﺎﺗﻭﺭﺕ ﺷﻤﺎﻻ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻻﻝ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻓﺠﺮﺍﻟﺴﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﻳﻀﻢ »ﺍﺮﺤﺒﻟﻦﻳ« ﻣﺮﻛﺰ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ(ﺍﺰﺠﻟﺮﻳﺓ)‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ »ﺍﻹﺎﺴﺣﺀ« ﻭﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺳﻻﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫»ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﻗﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﺷﻤﺎﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺿﻤﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ »ﺎﻜﻠﻴﻓ‪ ،،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺧﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫»ﺎﻜﻠﻴﻓ« ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ »ﺎﺑﻞﺑ« ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.32‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺎﻨﻤﻠﻟﻖﻃ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻻﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ«‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ »ﺍﺮﺤﺒﻟﻦﻳ‪،‬ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ »ﺍﺮﺤﺒﻟﻦﻳ«‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺤﻘﺖ ﺑﺠﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﻢ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎأﻃ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‪،‬‬

‫‪C. rawford.H (1998) Op.Cit, p.7.‬ﻡ‪25 .CrawfordH (١998) Op.Cit, 7.‬‬
‫‪26. Pots.D.T, (1983) Dilmun: Wher an When, Dilmun, No.11.p.16.‬‬
‫‪27. KolPL(1986) The Lands of Dilmun: Changing Cultural and Economic Relations During The Third‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻡ‪to Eayrr Second Miennia B.C(BTAA) , 367.‬‬
‫‪28. TosiM (1986) Eayrr Maritim Cultres of the Arabian Gulf and india Ocean, (BTAA) ٠ p.103‬‬

‫‪ 29.‬ﺭﺿﻤﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎ(ﺷﻤ‪1‬ﻲ‪ )089،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞﻷﺎﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ .‬ﺹ‪ 48.‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ‪٠‬ﺍﺮﺤﺒﻟﻦﻳ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﺪﻟﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﺍﻷﻛﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔﺧﻻﻝﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺇﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﻂﺍﻷﻛﺪﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ‪٠‬ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻞﺪﺤﻴﻟﺙﻟﻮﻻ ﺗﻤﺎﻇﻠﻢ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ±‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃرررﺛﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺎﺛﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻘﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 2‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍ‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪٠ ٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻤﻞﺍﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉﺍﻷﻛﺪﻱ ﻳﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺪﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪. PP.153154-‬ﺭ‪Cleuaiou.s (1986) Dilmun and Makkan During the Third and Eariy second Millennia B.C(BTAA‬‬

‫ﺬﻓﺍ‪،‬‬