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      EJ  Listen again. Fill in the gaps in these sentences           •   HELP WITH LISTENING  Modal verbs in the past
           with one word.                                           II  a  921 Listen to these sentences. Notice the weak
           1  It might be in the ___ _                                •   forms of have and been. Which words are stressed?
                                                                      •
           2  Yeah, of course, but it must be switched                •   1  Someone could have / Jv/ taken it from your bag .
                                                                      •
                                                                      •
                                                                      •   2  He might have / -;JV/ been / bm/  waiting for a chance to steal
           3  Or someone could have taken it from your                •      my phone .
                                                                      •
                                                                      •
                                                                      •  b  9       2a  Listen and write six sentences. You will hear
                                                                      •
           4  But someone might be using it to phone                  •
                         !                                            •   each sentence twice .
           5  And you didn't leave it in the ___ _
                                                                    B 92a PRONUNCIATION             Listen again and practise. Copy the
           6  Then we popped into that trendy new bar for a              stress and weak forms.

                                                                         I      I must have /-;JV/  left it at home.
           7  So you may have left it on the
           a  You can't have left it in the ___ _                   II   a  Read the next part of Louise and Angie's conversation.
           9  He might have been waiting for a chance to                 Choose the correct modal verbs and fill in the gaps with the
              ____ my phone.                                             correct form of the verbs in brackets.
          10  That guy in the            must have stolen it.            LOUISE  Now, what number do I call?

                                                                         ANGIE  Try the internet. The phone company
       •   HELP WITH GRAMMAR  Modal verbs (2):
       •                                                                    1 can't/ E!i!!J have  (have) a number on their website.
       •   deduction in the present and the past
       •                                                                 L  Good idea. Any interesting post?
           a  Look at the sentences in 3 . Answer these                  A  Yes, a postcard from my cousin. He's travelling around
           questions.                                                      South America for a year.
                                                                                2
           1  In which sentences is the speaker making a                 L  He  must/can't          (have) a good time.
              deduction about: the present? the past?                    A  Yes, he is. Hey, look at this envelope. There's no name or
           2  In which two sentences does the speaker know                 address on it.
                                                                                                                 3
              that something is definitely true or definitely            L  Let me see. That's weird. Someone  might/must
                                                                            (deliver) it by hand.
              not true?                               www.english0905.com
                                                                                                  4
                                                                         A  Who do you think it  could/can't            (be) from?
       •  b  Fill in the gaps in these rules with could,
       •                                                                 L  Well, it  can'tlmight         (be)  from my parents, they're in
                                                                                    5
       •  can't, must, might or may .
       •                                                                   France .... Wow, look, it's my mobile!
           •  When we believe something is true, we use
                                                                                                     6
                                                                         A  Great! I guess someone  must/can't            (find) it.
                                                                           Have a look inside the envelope again. Whoever found it
           •  When we think something is possibly true, we                 7 mightlcouldn't _       (write) a note or something.
              use ___ _
                                                                         L  Oh, yes. Oh, there is a note. It says ...
           •  When we believe something isn't true, we use
                                                                         b  Work in pairs. Compare answers. Who do you think the
                                                                         note is from?
          c  Look at the verb forms in bold in the                       c  9
           sentences in 3 . Match the sentences to these                           29  Listen and check.
           rules.
                                                                    E1  Look at these sentences. Write deductions about the present
          To make deductions about ...                                   or the past. There is more than one possible answer .
       •
       •
       •   •  a state in the present we use:                             1  Louise phoned Patrick last night. He didn't answer the phone .
       •
       •      modal verb + infinitive.  1  ,                                He might have been working late .
       •
       •  •  something happening now we use:                             2  Patrick rang back the next morning but Louise was out.
       •
       •      modal verb + be + verb+ing. _
       •                                                                 3  Angie didn't tell Louise that Patrick had rung .
       •   •  a state or a completed action in the past we use:          4  Patrick phoned again. Louise was very happy .
       •
       •      modal verb + have + past participle. _
       •                                                                 5  Angie is trying on a bridesmaid's dress .
       •
       •                                                                 6  Patrick is booking a holiday in Jamaica .
       •
       •  •  a longer action in the past we use:
       •
       •      modal verb + have + been + verb+ing .
       •
       •
       •  TIP• We can also use couldn't to make deductions               Get ready ... Get it right!
       •
       •   in the past: You couldn't have left it in the bar.
       •                                                                 Work in pairs. Look at p111 .
       •
       •   d  Check in lfl;tifa!Mfi;lfjt  p156 .
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