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Gabriel
Tell this Man the Meaning of his Vision (Daniel, 8:16)
Studies in Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography
and the Biblical World in Honor of Gabriel Barkay
Barkay sorting small artifacts at the Temple Mount Sifting Project
th
On the Occasion of his 80 Birthday (22 June 2024)
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour Barkay sorting small artifacts at the Temple Mount Sifting Project
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum) (Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum)
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour This project could not have been formed without Dr. Barkay. Only a scholar of his type would
Barkay sorting small artifacts at the Temple Mount Sifting Project
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum)
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris have been able to deal with such a variety of material and periods, especially when it appears
This project could not have been formed without Dr. Barkay. Only a scholar of his type would
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour
mainly as small fragmented artifacts. Archaeology nowadays has formed into a science of
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally have been able to deal with such a variety of material and periods, especially when it appears
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum) received the permit and established
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally received the permit and established
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris This project could not have been formed without Dr. Barkay. Only a scholar of his type would
expertise, and archaeologists hardly know anything about material culture which is not their
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of mainly as small fragmented artifacts. Archaeology nowadays has formed into a science of
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally received the permit and established have been able to deal with such a variety of material and periods, especially when it appears
expertise. Only an old-school archaeologist with extensive knowledge and openness to new
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris expertise, and archaeologists hardly know anything about material culture which is not their
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of mainly as small fragmented artifacts. Archaeology nowadays has formed into a science of
approaches and methods would have been able to cope with material such as that found in the
Edited by
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally received the permit and established expertise. Only an old-school archaeologist with extensive knowledge and openness to new
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of expertise, and archaeologists hardly know anything about material culture which is not their
Temple Mount Sifting Project.
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of approaches and methods would have been able to cope with material such as that found in the
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
Robert Deutsch and André Lemaire
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than expertise. Only an old-school archaeologist with extensive knowledge and openness to new
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of Temple Mount Sifting Project.
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history approaches and methods would have been able to cope with material such as that found in the
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and Temple Mount Sifting Project.
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem. Manuscript editing: Pamela Meron
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
r
2012
a
,
k
ay
Gabriel Barkay, 2012
Gabriel
B
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
h
sc
D
R
)
ober
eut
(Photo by Robert Deutsch)
t
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
12
(Photo by 12
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
12
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
12
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First
Tel-Aviv, Israel
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel Barkay guiding a group of visitors to the Temple Mount Sifting Project
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
Temple period.
Temple period.
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First Archaeological Center Publications
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel Barkay guiding a group of visitors to the Temple Mount Sifting Project
Temple period. 2024
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First (Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
Barkay guiding a group of visitors to the Temple Mount Sifting Project
Temple period.
12 See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading (Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
12
See
list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading
12
See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading
12 See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading XIX
both Y a din a nd Ah a roni turne d out to be incor re c t. He a lso sugg e sted identi f y in g the sit e with Throughout those years until 2017, he never stopped teaching at Jerusalem University College,
both Yadin and Aharoni turned out to be incorrect. He also suggested identifying the site with
CONTENTS
the place named MMST that appears on the LMLK jar handles.
the pla c e n a med MMS T that a ppe a rs on the L M LK jar ha ndles. which became a second home for him. The college has provided storage space for the finds
The last excavation Barkay directed during his years at Tel Aviv University was a salvage
The last e x c a va ti on B a r ka y dir e c ted du rin g his y e a rs a t T e l A viv Unive r sit y wa s a s a lva g e from Ketef Hinnom, hosted his 60th birthday party, and also awarded him the rank of professor,
spice
excavation at Kiriyath-Jearim in 1995 under the auspices of the École Biblique. It was the first
of
the Éc
s
ole B
excava ti on a t Kiri y a th - J e a rim in 1995 unde a r e the a u ic a l C e nte r L td. ibl ique. I t wa s the fir st a title he should have received many years earlier at Tel Aviv University. Many of his students
ol
og
r
Robert Deutsch
© 2024 Archaeological Center Ltd.
© 202
Foreword
c
h
IX
4 A
excava ti on a t the sit e , whic h wa s r e c e ntl y e x c a va ted a g a in b y a joi nt tea m fr om T e l A viv at the college volunteered in the excavations he directed and wrote dissertations under his
excavation at the site, which was recently excavated again by a joint team from Tel Aviv
and André Lemaire
ht
e
d
All ri
ve
r
g
se
All rights reserved
s r
c
Th
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Unive University and Collège de France. The excavation found that the site had been occupied since supervision. Barkay has also taught many courses at other institutions and supervised Master's
.
nc
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e
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g
upi
a
nd C
d
ha
d be
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that the
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F
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e
found
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d since
Printed in Israel by
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sr
Printe
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the Ne the Neolithic period until modern times. He uncovered remains of an Iron Age II building with and Doctorate dissertations as an external supervisor. X
aremains
c
d
unti
n ti
riod
mes.
un
He
Printed in Israel of an Iron Age II building with
moder
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e
re
thi
ov
Zachi Dvira
Gabriel Barkay - A Living Legend Archaeologist
a destruction layer that probably dates to the 8th century. 11 11 He had the reputation of being a strict and punctual supervisor. He earned this reputation due
ZILUMEI BOROCHOV & PHOTO OR
a destruction layer that probably dates to the 8th century.
ov & Photo Or
Zilumei Boroch
to his extensive knowledge, which made him a very critical scholar. Sitting next to Gabi at
Bibliography of Gabriel Barkay
XXII
------
in
Teach Teaching Career academic conferences and hearing all his remarks about relevant archaeological data that the
g Car
r
e
e
y
Since the beginning of Barkay's studies at Tel Aviv University in 1970, he was appointed as a
a
1970, he
Since the be g inni n g of B a rka y 's studi e ont t T e l v A viv Unive rsit i n in m wa s a ppoint e d a s a speaker forgot to mention is an experience in itself.
s
n
f
r
:
o
K
er
On the
et
ef H
co
On the front cover: Ketef Hinnom
lecturer. Initially, he taught a special program for the spouses of the diplomatic corp, and since
lecture r . I nit iall y , he t a u ght a spe c ial pro g r a m for t he spouses of the dipl omatic c orp , a nd sin c e PART I – BIBLICAL STUDIES
m
o
t
d
ule
ly
ic
e
B
ti
Priest
n a
ne
the
t
students
his
of
ome
ute.
inst
S
1972, he ha s be e n tea c hing students a Priestly Benediction amulet ha ve be c ome we ll - Temple Mount
1972, he has been teaching students at the institute. Some of his students have become well-
it
(Drawing by Ada Yardeni)
by
a Y
(Draw
ard
i
known archaeologists. Among them were the
a
d late Adam Zertal, Mordechai Aviam, Yehuda Zertal, Mordechai Aviam, Yehuda
re
known a rc h a e olo g ist s. A mong them we n g the Ate Adam e n i ) A major change in Gabi's life, and in mine, occurred in 1999, when I was a third-year
l
Apocalyptic Expectations: Condemnations or
1:1 James Charlesworth
Dagan, and Israel Finkelstein. In 1975, he also began teaching at Jerusalem University College
Dagan, a nd I sra e l F inkelst e in. I n 1975, he a lso b e ga n tea c hin g a t J e rusa lem Unive rsit y C oll e ge Archaeology student at Bar-Ilan University. Together with my friend and classmate, Aran
Benedictions? What May We Learn from
along with his other duties.
along with hi s ot he r dutie s. Yardeni, we conducted a brief survey of the debris that had been destructively and illegally
Perusing Archaeological Discoveries and Early
In 1997, a fte r 27 y e a rs o f tea c hin g , h e w a s di smi ssed f rom the T e l A viv Uni ve rsit y I nsti tut e of excavated at the Temple Mount by the Muslim Awaqf, and dumped in the Kidron Valley. We
In 1997, after 27 years of teaching, he was dismissed from the Tel Aviv University Institute of
Apocalypses?
1
wa
e
pit
on the
inc
t
c
a
.
This
t
that he
a
nc
c
g
s
f
e
hin
f
of
s
Archa Archaeology staff on the grounds of teaching incompetence. This was despite the fact that he needed help identifying and dating the small broken artifacts we had collected. After presenting
e
ompete
d
e
round
s
y
fa
g
the
olog
e
st
was a was a senior lecturer and had even won the Yigal Alon Prize for teaching excellence. His them to three senior lecturers at the university, we realized we needed better expertise. 28
riz
a
n won
His
the
.
e
hi
se
c
x
e
for
e
i
ga
r
e
c
n
l
a
d e
r
Y
t
Alon P
le
e
v
nc
d ha
c
ll
e
e
ng
ture
nio
1:2 David Blumenthal
Psalm 49: A Meditation on Death
dismissal occurred alongside many other staff members when a new direction was taken at the
dismiss a l oc c urr e d a lon gside man y othe r staf f me mber s whe n a n e w dir e c ti on wa s take n a t the We had little personal acquaintance, besides attending his class. We held much awe for him
institute. For a short time in 1997, Barkay lectured at Ben-Gurion University, and he was
institute. F or a short t im e in 1997, B a rka y l e c tur e d a t B e n - Gu rion Unive rsit y , a nd he wa s and were shy about addressing him on the issue. Eventually, we overcame our reservations and
From Writing Exercise to Literary Masterpiece:
1:3 Aaron Demsky
eventuall y a ppoint e d a s a se nior lec tu re r a t B a r - Ila n Unive rsit y (1998 - 201 1). S ince 2008, h e gave him a call on a Friday noon. To our great surprise, he told us we could come and meet
eventually appointed as a senior lecturer at Bar-Ilan University (1998-2011). Since 2008, he
34
Hebrew Epigraphy and Biblical Literature
also began teaching at the Rothberg International School at the Hebrew University.
also bega n tea c hin g a t t h e R othber g I nte rna ti ona l S c hool at the H e bre w U n iver sit y . him at his home right away. I will never forget his excitement when we came over and presented
the dirty material on his dining table, and I will never forget his ability to identify and date
1:4 Jan Dušek
Remembering the Covenant in Beer-Sheba: םלוע
in Genesis 21:33 and Some Epigraphic Evidence
almost all of the artifacts. Instead of criticizing us for conducting an archaeological survey
47
without an official license, which also allegedly had little archaeological value (as many
archaeologists thought at the time), he was thrilled to inspect the artifacts and praised us by
Josiah’s Name for His Book of Torah. Stance
1:5 Baruch Halpern
quoting the Mishna, Tractate Avot 2:5: "In a place where there are no men, strive to be a man."
Change in Biblical Citation.
60
Following this, Barkay and others established the Committee for the Prevention of Destruction
of Antiquities on the Temple Mount. This committee is a group of archaeologists, intellectuals,
The Growth of Pre-exilic Jerusalem According
1:6 Yigal Levin
and other prominent individuals in Israeli society who act to prevent further destruction of
to the Book of Chronicles
79
antiquities at the Temple Mount. Barkay and the late Eilat Mazar were the prominent
archaeologists in the committee, which was very active in the years 2000-2012 and conducted
1:7 Meir Lubetski
Tāḥmās: What are You?
102
many meetings with senior officials and politicians, filed several petitions to the Supreme
Court, and brought to the media's attention many incidents of antiquities destruction that
1:8 Steven M. Ortiz
occurred on the Temple Mount. The Battle at Gob: An analysis of the Gezer-Gob 119
Issue in 2 Samuel 21:18 and Chronicles 20:4
Their actions gradually became fruitful, as the public and government officials became more
A Note on ‘Ten Holinesses’ (Mishnah Kelim 1,
1:9 Ronny Reich
e
w
o
n
R
r
atio
v
er
t
Un
i
Heb
o
o
l a
g
t
al
e
e
h
Teachin Teaching at the Rothberg International School at the Hebrew University and more aware of the importance of preserving the antiquities of the Temple Mount, which
t th
s
er
ter
at
n
Sch
g
I
it
n
y
b
h
(Photo: Kate Brooks)
(Photo: K ate B r o o k s ) even led the State Comptroller to conduct an extensive inquiry on the issue, and as for today,
6-9) and the Herodian Temple Mount in
and Yuval Baruch
131
Jerusalem
no construction or renovation takes place on the Temple Mount without the approval and
- supervision of the Israel Antiquity Authority and some other authorities
-
-
ISBN 978-965-7162-25-5
7162
-
25
ISBN 978
5
965
C. McKinny, O. Schwartz, G. Barkay, A. Fantalkin, and B. Zissu (2018). “Kiriath-Jearim (Deir el-‘Azhar):
11 C. Mc Kin n y , O. Sc h w ar tz, G. B ar k ay , A . Fa n tal k i n , an d B . Z is s u ( 2 0 1 8 ) . “ Kir iath - J ea r i m ( Deir el - ‘ A z h ar ) :
11
d
f
o
i
n
th
n
o
w
T
lical
B
a
u
J
e
ib
o
a
r
n
tio
I
E
el
a
lo
xp
n
pp
a
ical
68.
l
u
lo
Jo
n
g
r
r
tio
Hill
a
C
tig
n
Archae Archaeological Investigations of a Biblical Town in the Judean Hill Country”. Israel Exploration Journal 68. pp
e
s
an
”.
v
s
I
y
es
o
u
tr
n
30-49. 30-49.
XVII
