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P. 15
a
3:2 Avraham Faust , which makes
whole
the
membe
nd their
v
II
PART II – EPIGRAPHY AND ICONOGRAPHY d several chapters in the final
rs)
a
g
si
n more
502
a
nific
y
r
discove
e
v
e
–
O
pro
a
GRAPHY
nt
a
AN
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ra
B
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ms.
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GRAPHY
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membe rs) PART nd their e EP ichme ichme nt ra pro g C ON rk B a a uthor a e uthor e e ra l c ha pter s in the fina l Deuter onom y (7:9) The Northeastern Burial Field at Tel ‘Eton nt since it has
and Eyal Baruch the biblical research Documentary Hypothesis.
publication and published additional papers about finds from the excavation.
publication and published additional papers about finds from the excavation. 6 6 impli c a t ions for 9
2:1 Robert Deutsch, The Bulla of “Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An
2:1 Robe rt D e utsch , The Bulla of “Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An The Ketef Hinnom excavation also yielded rich and rare finds from many other periods of
The Well in the Northeast Corner of Tel Lachish entury CE
,
e
L
3:3 Yosef Garfinkel,
ire
a
m
Embarrassing Forgery
Andre Andre Lemaire, Embarrassing Forgery 136 136 Jerusalem, such as several rifles from the Ottoman period, an extremely rare 4th-c 526
Gabrie l B a rk a y , coin minted in the Kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia, remains of a Byzantine church (probably the
Gabriel Barkay,
Pieter G e rt va n d e r V e e n "Church of St. George Extramuros" (outside of the walls)), the first Roman soldiers' cremation Gabriel
3:4 Alon Shavit
Pieter Gert van der Veen
Muslim Burial Practice in Light of the Findings
and David Itzhak
and Da vid I tz ha k discovered in Jerusalem, burials from the Second Temple period, and many othe
of the Excavation at the Mamilla Cemetery in r small finds,
545
Jerusalem
especially jewelry, from all the periods the site was occupied. It is also notewor thy to mention Tell this Man the Meaning of his Vision (Daniel, 8:16)
2:2 Alexander Fantalkin Two Persian Period Aramaic Inscriptions from
2:2 Ale x a nde r F a ntalkin Two Persian Period Aramaic Inscriptions from that this excavation Israeli archaeology encountered the fiercest clash with extreme ultra-
and Andr é L e mair e Yavneh Yam 150 150 orthodox groups that oppose excavations of ancient burials by archaeologists.
3:5 David Ussishkin
On the Fortifications of Betar, Bar-Kochba’s
and André Lemaire Yavneh Yam
Last Stronghold 571
A Palimpsest Palaeo-Hebrew Ostracon Revisited 158
2:3 Micha e l L a n g loi s A Palimpse st Pal ae o - He bre w Ostracon R e v isi ted 158
2:3 Michael Langlois
and André Lemaire
and Andr é L e mair e 3:6 Boaz Zissu A Rock-Cut Tomb at Iyyei Nahash in the Judean Studies in Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography
Shephelah 583 and the Biblical World in Honor of Gabriel Barkay
Aramaic
Dual in Earl
Dual in Early Aramaic and Tel Dan Stele
y
l Dan Stele
2:4 André Lemaire
and T
e
2:4 Andr é L e mair e Barkay Barkay inspecting an Iron Age Jerusalem burial cave 170 170 th
r
ec
l
in
a
J
ge
n
m
g
b
e
tin
u
A
a
n I
ial ca
o
us
r
v
r
s
p
e
e
(Image(s) courtesy of www.HolyLandPhotos.org) On the Occasion of his 80 Birthday (22 June 2024)
(Image(s) courtesy of www.HolyLandPhotos.org)
e
tl
a
L
rge
–
it
s
or L
2:5 Alan Millard
2:5 Alan Mil lar d Scroll Scrolls – Little or Large 185 185 CONTRIBUTORS
Along his work at Lachish, in 1975, Barkay began the excavation that would gain him
Alongside his work at Lachish, in 1975, Barkay began the excavation that would gain him side
ti
y
c
re
2:6 Lawrence J. Mykytiuk Inscriptions that Confirm 16 Hebrew Kings:
w
uk
2:6 La
n
y
Inscriptions that Confirm 16 Hebrew Kings: construct a
t
it
a
worldwide publicity
worldwide publi e c J . M y k at "Ketef Hinnom." The Rothschild Foundation planned to construct a "Ketef Hinnom." The Rothschild Foundation planned to Prof. Rami Arav – University of Nebraska at Omaha (Emeritus)
ntages
e
A Thumbnail Hist
urrent Pe
rc
ory
7
building on the site, and a salvage excavation was
building on the sit e , a n d a sa lvage e x c a va ti on wa s and C required prior the construction.required prior the construction. 7 191 The
A Thumbnail History and Current Percentages 191 The
exca excavation took place over about seven seasons sporadically until 1994, uncovering seven vation took place over about seven seasons sporadically until 1994, uncovering seven Dr. Gabriel Barkay – Formerly Bar Ilan University
Hezek
e
2:7 Na
v Na
ign i
’a
da
iah’s Y
man
Hezekiah’s Years of Reign in Light of the
ars of
2:7 Nadav Na’aman
riod
e
n
Re Among these was a burial system
s
nd of
e
P
e
F
a
irst
burial burial caves dating to the end of the First Temple Period. 8 ight of t he
ti
ve
to
n L Among these was a burial system
mpl
e
c
th
g
.
da
the
e
T
8
Epigraphic Evidence
Epigraphi
idenc
c
Ev
e
pos
re
l in J
a
it
lem
rusa
e
ove
or
n
216 with all its ll its
g
onl
d
the
untouche
buri
e
y
A
r
I
disc
with a with an untouched repository, the only Iron Age burial in Jerusalem discovered with a 216 Dr. Yuval Baruch – Israel Antiquities Authority; The School of Archaeology and Edited by
y
,
on
d re
contents Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa Robert Deutsch and André Lemaire
contents in situ, and among one of the richest in all Israel. It contained over one thousand items in situ, and among one of the richest in all Israel. It contained over one thousand items
2:8 De
”
t: T
tual
Ex
pe
rts
231
idenc
e
The “Experts” of Ugarit: The Textual Evidence 231
e
T
rde
a
e
P
nnis
of Ugari
Ev
The “
vidual
st
a
and at least 95 individuals. It included 263 complete vessels, arrowheads, other metal objects,
95 indi
r
s.
and at lea 2:8 Dennis Pardee I t includ e d 263 c ompl e te ve ssels, he row x he a ds, ot he r meta l obje c ts,
bone Prof. David Blumenthal - Emory University (Retired)
bone and ivory objects, inlay pieces, a hoard of jewelry items, glass vessels, alabaster vessels, and ivory objects, inlay pieces, a hoard of jewelry items, glass vessels, alabaster vessels,
2:9 Robert Silverman Early Epigraphic Evidence for the ‘Aleinu
2:9 Robe
rt S
n
ve
rma
il
Early Epigraphic Evidence for the ‘Aleinu
finds.
n a
re
a
br
a silve a silver signet ring, an ancient Hebrew seal, and many more rare finds.
y
n
e
a
l, and m
g
w se
r sig
n
t rin
e
a
, a
r
c
ient He
mor
n
e
ord
and Ja
mes F
The most and James Ford finds were the two famous silver amulets, which are among the most significant le-Shabeach Prayer amulets, 333 333 Prof. James Charlesworth – Princeton Theological Seminary (Emeritus)
The most significant finds were the two famous silver
le-Shabeach Prayer which are among the most
importa
important archaeological discoveries shedding light on the Bible. The amulets were discovered nt archaeological discoveries shedding light on the Bible. The amulets were discovered
2:10 S
tef
2:10 Stefan Wimmer Whose Year 32
n W
Whose Year 32
im
a
n
ope
y
in 1979 but we re onl mer e c ipher e d in 1986 a fte r t he y ha d b e e ne in the I sra e l 342 342 Prof. Aaron Demsky – Bar Ilan University (Emeritus) Manuscript editing: Pamela Meron
d
d
in 1979 but were only deciphered in 1986 after they had been opened in the Israel Museum
Museum
labs. The text on the amulets amazed the scholarly world of biblical archaeology since they The text on the amulets amazed the scholarly world of biblical archaeology since they
labs. Barkay at one of the burials at Ketef Hinnom
ion
a
2:11 R
Prosopographi
dok
al Ev
li
aluat
minary
a
c
include d 2:11 Ran Zadok A Pre A Preliminary Prosopographical Evaluation Dr. Robert Deutsch – Formerly University of Haifa
included the p
n Z the priestly benediction verses from Numbers 6: 24:27. These are the earliest riestly benediction verses from Numbers 6: 24:27. These are the earliest
(Courtesy of the Ketef Hinnom excavation)
Gabriel Barkay, 2012
351
antat
of the Incantation Bowls
of the Inc
ion Bow
ls
351
r
s
on
I
appea appearances of biblical verses known today and indicate that during the Iron Age II there was Gabriel B a r k ay , 2012
s
A
of
that during
rse
bibl
l
te
ve
ica
toda
a
a
e
w
nc
the
a
y
nd i
s
r
e
known
g
e
II
ther
ndica
(Photo by Robert Deutsch)
Dr. Jan Dušek – Charles University, Prague
a practice of wearing apotropaic text on the body. ctice of wearing apotropaic text on the body.
a pra In 1984, Barkay had the privilege to excavate the prominent site of Ramat Rachel which was (Photo by R ober t D eut sc h )
ion
441
441
Z
e
vit
2:12 Z
With the
Six Priests on a Pithos was read and identified using
y help of additional scholars, in 2004, further text was of additional scholars, in 2004, further text
With the 2:12 Ziony Zevit Six Priests on a Pit hos read and identified using the focus of a controversy between Yigael Yadin and Yochanan Aharoni. The former dated the
lp
he
Mr. Zachi Dvira - Bar-Ilan University
innovative site to Athaliah, the queen of Judah in the 9th century BCE, while the latter identified it with a
innovative photography techniques and digital imaging. The new text included a verse from photography techniques and digital imaging. The new text included a verse from
e
2:13 I 2:13 Irit Ziffer A South - East Arabi an Bowl in a Pri v ate palace built in the 6th century BCE by King Jehoiakim. Barkay found under the palace LMLK
rit
A South-East Arabian Bowl in a Private
iff
Z
r
Prof. Alexander Fantalkin, Tel Aviv University
on
ti
Collec Collection 464 464 jar handles which date the earlier phase to the 8th century BCE, and suggested it was
reconstructed shortly afterward, perhaps at the time of King Hezekiah or Manasseh. Thus,
10
s
s
s
p
B
n
ar
D.
i
k
g
.
r
i
n
(
e
2
D
d
m
(
B
e
4
h
i
ate
s
,
ze
.
:
n
a
Stra
i
d
a
)
y
.
ex
h
Uss
0
k
L
"T
6 See fo 6 r See for example: G. Barkay and D. Ussishkin. (2004). "The Late Bronze Age Strata". In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). Tel-Aviv, Israel
A
n
I
.
)
.
a
o
h
0
ta"
U
k
le: G.
n
E
Prof. Avraham Faust – Bar-Ilan University
GY
–
PART III – ARCHAEOLOGY
L
lo
va
A
a
The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) I,2. Tel Aviv University. pp. 316-411; G.
E
r
The Ren ewed PART o II I g ica ARC a HA EO a t O La c h is h ( 1 9 7 3 - 1994) I , 2 . T e l A vi v U n i ve r s i t y . p p . 31 6 - 41 1; G . Archaeological Center Publications
n
tio
ch
xc
s
l
e
Barka
Barkay (1996). "A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish". Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82. y (1996). "A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish". Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82.
to
th
y
.
all
n
er
g
Symbols of Authority and Power in Iron Age II
h
an
o
Symbols of
Authori
lan
ed
ty and P
t
an
y
tio
7 Eventu Eventually they changed their plans to another location. ow e r in Iron Age II 9 G. Barkay, et. Al. (2004). "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation". Bulletin of the 2024
ca
he
eir
p
7
s
lo
th
c
A
3:1 Ram
r
3:1 Rami Arav
Prof. James Nathan Ford – Bar Ilan University
av
i
19
B
y
8 In the 8 In the years 1975-1976, 1979-1980, 1988-1989, 1994 and 1996. See: G. Barkay. (2009). "The Riches of Ketef American Schools of Oriental Research (334). pp. 41-71.
a
5
T
"
-
y
2009)
79
G.
1976
.
994
n
(
198
a
Kete
7
ea
,
1
988
es o
.
.
-
996
9
rk
s
ich
1
R
See:
a
h
1
d 1
,
9
f
-
r
f
1980,
e
v
thsai
Southern L
da as a C
ant; Be
e
ase
Study
Hinnom". Biblical Archaeology Review 35(4/5). pp. 23-35, 122-126.
.
23
pp
.
-
12
,
2
126.
-
35
Hinnom " . B ib lica l A r ch a e o lo g y R ev iew 35( 4/ 5 ) Southern Levant; Bethsaida as a Case Study 490 490 10 G. Barkay (2006). "Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?: The Tantalizing Possibilities of Ramat Raḥel". Biblical
Archaeology Review 32(5). pp. 34-44.
Prof. Yosef Garfinkel – Hebrew University, Jerusalem
XV
Barkay assisted Rozen-Ayalon in supervising the excavation of an area dated to the Early CONTENTS
Unive
a
Beco
a
Bec Prof. Bming an Archaeologist oming an Archaeologist rsit y o f G e or g i a Islamic Period. This experience, now impossible for Israeli archaeologists due to geopolitical
ruc
h H
n
lper
–
Prof. Baruch Halpern – University of Georgia
Betwe constraints, was an extraordinary chapter in his early career.
Between 1964 and 1967, Gabi pursued his bachelor's degree in archaeology and geography at en 1964 and 1967, Gabi pursued his bachelor's degree in archaeology and geography at
Prof. Dabrew University of Jerusalem. He studied under the tutelage of founding figures in Israeli brew University of Jerusalem. He studied under the tutelage of founding figures in Israeli
Prof. David Itzhak (z"l) – Ben Gurion University of the Negev
the He the He vid I tz ha k (z " l) – B e n Gu rion U niver sit y o f the Ne g e v © 202 4 A r c h a e ol og ic a l C e nte r L td. Robert Deutsch Foreword IX
© 2024 Archaeological Center Ltd.
archa PhD and Various Excavations and Research and André Lemaire
archaeology, history, and geography: Yigael Yadin, Benjamin Mazar, Michael Avi-Yonah, eology, history, and geography: Yigael Yadin, Benjamin Mazar, Michael Avi-Yonah,
d
r
s r
ve
g
se
e
ht
FOREWORD
l L
roni,
Prof. Micha
rsit
n
f St
loi
auth Amiran, David
s
Aha
Yohanan Aharoni,
ra
e
R
o
sbour
y
g Ruth Amiran, David Flusser, Nahman Avigad, Moshe Stekelis, Yitzchak Flusser, Nahman Avigad, Moshe Stekelis, Yitzchak
Yohana n Prof. Michael Langlois – University of Strasbourg In 1970, Gabriel Barkay was presented with the opportunity to join the new Tel Aviv University All ri All rights reserved
g
–
Unive
Printed in Israel by
Printed in Israel
Schattner, and David Amiran. ttner, and David Amiran.
Scha Institute of Archaeology in a direct PhD program while also securing a job. He left his Master's Printe d i n I sr a e l Zachi Dvira Gabriel Barkay - A Living Legend Archaeologist X
This volume, titled “Gabriel: Tell this Man the Meaning of his Vision”, (quoting Daniel
mer
E
s, S
a
Étude
tus)
s H
(
ne
utes
i
orbon
–
r
e
É
ti
que
c
ole Pra
ai
During thi
s
During thi Prof. André Lemaire – École Pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne (Emeritus) studies at the Hebrew University and transferred to Tel Aviv University. ZILUMEI BOROCHOV & PHOTO OR
Prof. Andrriod, Barkay also attended, as a free listener, courses in religious studies for MA
pe
L
em
é
s period, Barkay also attended, as a free listener, courses in religious studies for MA
de
ov & Photo Or
Zilumei Boroch
8:16) has been prepared as a personal tribute to Gabriel Barkay and recognizes his huge
students. It was here that was here that he met David
students. It he met David Flusser, who was so impressed with Barkay's Flusser, who was so impressed with Barkay's During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, Barkay was assigned to the education force in the Land
contribution to the field of archaeology, his research, and numerous publications.
intelle intellectual acumen that he appointe y of Israel studies unit. After the war, Israel temporarily controlled an area of 400 km² in Syria, ------ Bibliography of Gabriel Barkay XXII
Ila
n Unive
c
rsitd him a
Prof. Yigal Levin – Bar Ilan University s his teaching assistant. Remarkably, while still an cumen that he appointed him as his teaching assistant. Remarkably, while still an
tual a
r
Prof. Yiga
–
e
vin
B
a
L
l
undergraduate, Barkay was tasked with grading papers of MA students. Michael Avi-Yonah rgraduate, Barkay was tasked with grading papers of MA students. Michael Avi-Yonah
unde east of the Golan Heights. Barkay was part of a special unit of archaeologists tasked with On the f r ont co v er : K et ef H i n n o m
The papers were written by 34 scholars — his colleagues, students and admirers from Israel
On the front cover: Ketef Hinnom
Prof. Mecognized his talents and assigned him as the tour coordinator for the institute. Also cognized his talents and assigned him as the
e
tski
B
Y
ube
ruc
, C
C
also re Prof. Meir Lubetski – Baruch College, CUNY tour coordinator for the institute. Also surveying the area before the IDF's retreat. This region, rich in ancient remains such as houses PART I – BIBLICAL STUDIES
a
oll
–
also re
h
ge
ir L
UN
and around the world — many of whom were fortunate enough to have collaborated with
ly
ti
m
t
n a
d
ic
ne
B
o
ule
e
during from the Roman period still standing at their original height, had Priest Priestly Benediction amulet
him in the past or are still working with him, in the present. never been properly surveyed
during this time, Gabi met his first wife, Rachel, a fellow archaeology student who later became this time, Gabi met his first wife, Rachel, a fellow archaeology student who later became
(Drawing by Ada Yardeni)
E
rsit
n Mil
m
.
d
Prof. Ala
matics
–
iv
Uni
e
e
an expe rt Prof. Alan Millard – University of Liverpool (Emeritus) before. Numerous scattered fragments and inscriptions from the Roman and Byzantine periods (Draw i n g by A d a Y ard e n i ) 1:1 James Charlesworth Apocalyptic Expectations: Condemnations or
ve. They had two children, Naama and Elad. After 28 years of marriage, y had two children, Naama and Elad. After 28 years of marriage,
The
lar
ritus)
rpool (
y
L
in
of
an expert in Numismatics
Numis
The 28 articles are divided into 4 fields of research, representing Gabi's main areas of
they they eventuall were discovered and recorded. Benedictions? What May We Learn from
eventually separated. y separated.
2
interest: The Biblical World, Epigraphy, Iconography and Archaeology. The volume also
rsit
Prof. Lawrence Mykytiuk – Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Emeritus)
, W
Prof. L aw r en ce M y k y t i u k – P urdu e Unive y e st L a f a y e tt e , I ndian a ( E mer it us) From 1978 to 1985, Barkay conducted extensive research on the archaeology of Northern and
includes an important paper that Gabi, himself, co-authored together with Deutsch,
Western Jerusalem at the end of the Iron Age period. This research was part of his PhD Perusing Archaeological Discoveries and Early 1
Apocalypses?
Lemaire, van der Veen and Yitzhak.
Prof. Na da v N a ’ a man – T el Aviv Unive rsit y ( E m e ritus) dissertation at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of David Ussishkin. His dissertation
Prof. Nadav Na’aman – Tel Aviv University (Emeritus)
3
was exceptionally comprehensive, covering several topics, each of which could have stood 1:2 David Blumenthal Psalm 49: A Meditation on Death 28
As time tends to advance in only one direction - the past is no more, the present is
Prof. Steven M. Ortiz – Lanier Center for Archaeology, Lipscomb University
Prof. S teve n M. Or ti z – L a ni e r Ce nte r f or A rc ha e olog y , L ipscomb Unive rs it y alone as a PhD dissertation. Besides compiling all data from archaeological works conducted
evanescent, and the future is unknown - with this publication, we are hoping to freeze a
in these areas, it included a detailed survey (between the years 1974-1983) of Iron Age burial 1:3 Aaron Demsky From Writing Exercise to Literary Masterpiece:
moment in time as Gabriel Barkay deserves it.
Prof. Dennis Pardee – University of Chicago
Prof. De nnis P a rde e – U niver sit y of Chic a g o tombs in Northern and Western Jerusalem. Barkay personally cleaned and documented some Hebrew Epigraphy and Biblical Literature 34
Robert Deutsch and André Lemaire
previously unknown tombs. His report published the first map of all known Iron Age burial
Prof. R onn y R e ich – Uni ve rsit y of Ha if a fields in Jerusalem and conducted the first study of the elaborate burial cave complexes at St. 1:4 Jan Dušek Remembering the Covenant in Beer-Sheba: םלוע
Prof. Ronny Reich – University of Haifa
4
Étienne, previously thought to be from the Roman Period. in Genesis 21:33 and Some Epigraphic Evidence 47
Dr. Alon S ha vit – I s ra e li I nsti tut e of A rc ha e olo g y
Dr. Alon Shavit – Israeli Institute of Archaeology
The dissertation also included the first extensive research on LMLK seal impressions and a full
Mr. Robe rt S il ve rma n – S ha lem C oll e g e , J e rusa le m catalog of those discovered in Jerusalem. Additionally, it contained a significant study on 20 1:5 Baruch Halpern Josiah’s Name for His Book of Torah. Stance
Mr. Robert Silverman – Shalem College, Jerusalem
mysterious earth-and-stone mounds in West Jerusalem, suggesting they were memorials for the Change in Biblical Citation. 60
Prof. Da vid Ussi shki n – Te l Aviv Univer sit y ( E m e ritus) kings of Judah that incorporated a "great fire." In 1983, Barkay had the opportunity to excavate
Prof. David Ussishkin – Tel Aviv University (Emeritus)
5
Gabriel Barkay (left) and Michael Avi-Yonah on a tour of the Temple Mount
Gabriel B ar k ay ( le f t) an d Mic h ae l A v i - Y o n ah o n a to u r o f th e T em p le Mo u n t 1:6 Yigal Levin The Growth of Pre-exilic Jerusalem According
(Photo: David Bibin, 1968)
Dr. Pieter Gert van der Veen – Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Unive
Dr. Piete r G e rt va n de r V e e n – J (Photo: David Bibin, 1968) rsität Ma inz the tumulus at Rogem Ganim and discovered it was much larger than previously thought. The to the Book of Chronicles 79
nbe
oha
-
s Gute
r
g
nne
most prolonged seasonal excavation Barkay participated in was at Lachish from 1973 to 1987,
dire
the
g
His practical excavation training began at Megiddo, under the direction of Yigael Yadin, who
n a
a
r
idd
ti
on tra
ng
t
a
Me
x
e
be
igae
Y
l
o, unde
a
ini
ti
His pra c ti Dr. Stefan Jakob Wimmer – Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München l Y a din , wh o under the direction of David Ussishkin. Barkay supervised the excavation of a large
v
c
ga
c
c
on of
n J
a
-
Dr. Stef
rsität Münc
a
kob W
Ma
he
x
n
-
il
ud
me
Unive
wig
r
im
ians
–
im
L
was im pre ssed b y his skil ls a nd a ppoint e d him a s a n Ar e a S upe rvisor a ssi sta nt. I t wa s he r e that stratigraphic section on the western slope (Area S) of the Tel and also functioned as the deputy 1:7 Meir Lubetski Tāḥmās: What are You? 102
was impressed by his skills and appointed him as an Area Supervisor assistant. It was here that
who
vid
y
invi
late
he met David Ussishkin, who later invited Barkay to join him on a survey of the Iron Age burial
rka
he met Da Prof. Ran Zadok – Tel Aviv University to joi n him on a surve y of the I r on A g e buria l director of the excavation, managing the students (which in some seasons reached 200
B
a
r
n,
ted
Ussishki
y
a
viv Univer
Prof. R
l A
sit
Te
–
dok
n Za
plac
-
1970,
n vil
y
la
h
.
This
took
surve
y
t
ring the
1968
rs
a
il
du
g
S
wa
the
e
e
caves caves at the Silwan village. This survey, which took place during the years 1968-1970, led to 1:8 Steven M. Ortiz The Battle at Gob: An analysis of the Gezer-Gob
a
e
, whic
led to
r
y
the discovery of many previously unknown burial tombs, an inscription, and for the first time,
the disc ove ion o f ma n y – p r e vious l y unknown of J e rusa le m , a n inscr ipt ion, an d for the fir st t im e , Issue in 2 Samuel 21:18 and Chronicles 20:4 119
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G. Barkay (1985). Northern and Western Jerusalem in the End of the Iron Age. Ph.D. dissertation. Tel Aviv
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Rozen Rozen-Ayalon. She invited him to join her on an expedition at Susa in Iran, led by Jean Perrot. University. Jerusalem 131
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ISBN 978-965-7162-25-5
G. Barkay and A. Kloner (1986). "Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple", Biblical Archaeology
4 Review 12.2. pp. 22-39. ISBN 978 - 965 - 7162 - 25 - 5
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1 D. Uss D. Ussishkin (1993, Hebrew edition - 1983). The Village of Silwan, The Necropolis from the Period of the 5 G. Barkay (2003). "Mounds of Mystery". Biblical Archaeology Review 29(3) 32-39.
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