Page 16 - Step and repeat document 1

both Y a c din a a med MMS T turne d out rs on the L M LK He a lso sugg e sted identi f y in g the sit e with Throughout those years until 2017, he never stopped teaching at Jerusalem University College,

Ah
to
nd
be
c
re
a
t.
incor
roni
CONTENTS
both Yadin and Aharoni turned out to be incorrect. He also suggested identifying the site with
that a
the place named MMST that appears on the LMLK jar handles.
the pla
which became a second home for him. The college has provided storage space for the finds
ppe
n

ndles.
ha
e
jar
a

The last e x c a va ti on B a r ka y dir e c ted du rin g his y e a rs a t T e l A viv Unive r sit y wa s a s a lva g e from Ketef Hinnom, hosted his 60th birthday party, and also awarded him the rank of professor,
The last excavation Barkay directed during his years at Tel Aviv University was a salvage

excava ti on a t t Kiri sit th - , J whic h in 1995 c unde a r e the a a u ic ted s e nte r b L td. nt tea m fr t om s the fir st a title he should have received many years earlier at Tel Aviv University. Many of his students
ole B
I
spice
ique.
ibl
e
wa
rim
the Éc
a
of
excavation at Kiriyath-Jearim in 1995 under the auspices of the École Biblique. It was the first
a
y
IX
l C

a
4 A
ol

© 202

© 2024 Archaeological Center Ltd.
c
Foreword
r
og
h
Robert Deutsch
viv
A
excavation at the site, which was recently excavated again by a joint team from Tel Aviv
at the college volunteered in the excavations he directed and wrote dissertations under his
l
ti
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e
T
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and André Lemaire
se
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All rights reserved
All ri
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rsit
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Unive University and Collège de France. The excavation found that the site had been occupied since supervision. Barkay has also taught many courses at other institutions and supervised Master's
e
found
sit
that the
nd C
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oll
ha
d be
on
Th
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.
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e
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Gabriel the Ne the Neolithic period until modern times. He uncovered remains of an Iron Age II building with and Doctorate dissertations as an external supervisor. X
d i
n I
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l
sr
Printe
Printed in Israel by
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aremains
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ov
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Printed in Israel of an Iron Age II building with
unti
mes.
un
e
oli
thi
Zachi Dvira
Gabriel Barkay - A Living Legend Archaeologist
11
11
a destruction layer that probably dates to the 8th century.
He had the reputation of being a strict and punctual supervisor. He earned this reputation due

a destruction layer that probably dates to the 8th century.
ZILUMEI BOROCHOV & PHOTO OR

to his extensive knowledge, which made him a very critical scholar. Sitting next to Gabi at

XXII
------
Bibliography of Gabriel Barkay
Tell this Man the Meaning of his Vision Teach Teaching Career academic conferences and hearing all his remarks about relevant archaeological data that the

r
in
g Car
e
e

Since the beginning of Barkay's studies at Tel Aviv University in 1970, he was appointed as a
Since the be g inni n g of B a rka y 's studi e s a t T e l A viv Unive rsit y in 1970, he wa s a ppoint e d a s a speaker forgot to mention is an experience in itself.
et
On the front cover: Ketef Hinnom

ef H
K
i
lecture r . I nit iall y , he t a u ght a On the f r ont r a co v er t : he spouses n n o m dipl omatic c orp , a nd sin c e
of
lecturer. Initially, he taught a special program for the spouses of the diplomatic corp, and since
c
for
ial pro
the
m
g
spe
PART I – BIBLICAL STUDIES
ne
B
ti

Priest
Priestly Benediction amulet
ic
t
ule

1972, he has been teaching students at the institute. Some of his students have become well-
ome
1972, he ha s be e n tea c hing students a ly the e inst d ute. o S n a m of his students ha ve be c ome we ll - Temple Mount
t
it
known a rc h a e olo g ist s. A mong them we n g the Ate Adam e n i ) A major change in Gabi's life, and in mine, occurred in 1999, when I was a third-year

a Y
i
by
ard
(Drawing by Ada Yardeni)
(Draw
known archaeologists. Among them were the
re
d late Adam Zertal, Mordechai Aviam, Yehuda Zertal, Mordechai Aviam, Yehuda
l
a
1:1 James Charlesworth
Apocalyptic Expectations: Condemnations or
Dagan, a nd I sra e l F inkelst e in. I n 1975, he a lso b e ga n tea c hin g a t J e rusa lem Unive rsit y C oll e ge Archaeology student at Bar-Ilan University. Together with my friend and classmate, Aran

Dagan, and Israel Finkelstein. In 1975, he also began teaching at Jerusalem University College
Benedictions? What May We Learn from
along with hi s ot he r dutie s. Yardeni, we conducted a brief survey of the debris that had been destructively and illegally
along with his other duties.
Perusing Archaeological Discoveries and Early
In 1997, after 27 years of teaching, he was dismissed from the Tel Aviv University Institute of
In 1997, a fte r 27 y e a rs o f tea c hin g , h e w a s di smi ssed f rom the T e l A viv Uni ve rsit y I nsti tut e of excavated at the Temple Mount by the Muslim Awaqf, and dumped in the Kidron Valley. We

Apocalypses?

1
ompete
e
c
e
inc
f
g
d
f
fa
olog
pit
the
hin
s
on the
g
s
t
st
.
This
e

Archa Archaeology staff on the grounds of teaching incompetence. This was despite the fact that he needed help identifying and dating the small broken artifacts we had collected. After presenting
of
y
s
round
e
nc
a
wa
c
e
that he
a
t

n won
nc
n
ng
e
d e
a
v

the
His
ll
c
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.
e
x

nio
e
r
se
e
Y
e
t
r
a
i
c
ga
for
d ha
riz
was a was a senior lecturer and had even won the Yigal Alon Prize for teaching excellence. His them to three senior lecturers at the university, we realized we needed better expertise. 28
e
l
le
Alon P
ture
hi
c
1:2 David Blumenthal
Psalm 49: A Meditation on Death

dismiss a l oc c urr e d a lon gside man y othe r staf f me mber s whe n a n e w dir e c ti on wa s take n a t the We had little personal acquaintance, besides attending his class. We held much awe for him
dismissal occurred alongside many other staff members when a new direction was taken at the

institute. For a short time in 1997, Barkay lectured at Ben-Gurion University, and he was
institute. F or a short t im e in 1997, B a rka y l e c tur e d a t B e n - Gu rion Unive rsit y , a nd he wa s and were shy about addressing him on the issue. Eventually, we overcame our reservations and
1:3 Aaron Demsky
From Writing Exercise to Literary Masterpiece:
eventuall y a ppoint e d a s a se nior lec tu re r a t B a r - Ila n Unive rsit y (1998 - 201 1). S ince 2008, h e gave him a call on a Friday noon. To our great surprise, he told us we could come and meet
eventually appointed as a senior lecturer at Bar-Ilan University (1998-2011). Since 2008, he

34
Hebrew Epigraphy and Biblical Literature
also bega n tea c hin g a t t h e R othber g I nte rna ti ona l S c hool at the H e bre w U n iver sit y . him at his home right away. I will never forget his excitement when we came over and presented
also began teaching at the Rothberg International School at the Hebrew University.

the dirty material on his dining table, and I will never forget his ability to identify and date
1:4 Jan Dušek Remembering the Covenant in Beer-Sheba: םלוע
47
almost all of the artifacts. Instead of criticizing us for conducting an archaeological survey
in Genesis 21:33 and Some Epigraphic Evidence
without an official license, which also allegedly had little archaeological value (as many

archaeologists thought at the time), he was thrilled to inspect the artifacts and praised us by
1:5 Baruch Halpern
Josiah’s Name for His Book of Torah. Stance
quoting the Mishna, Tractate Avot 2:5: "In a place where there are no men, strive to be a man."

60

Change in Biblical Citation.
Following this, Barkay and others established the Committee for the Prevention of Destruction

of Antiquities on the Temple Mount. This committee is a group of archaeologists, intellectuals,
1:6 Yigal Levin
The Growth of Pre-exilic Jerusalem According
and other prominent individuals in Israeli society who act to prevent further destruction of
to the Book of Chronicles

79

antiquities at the Temple Mount. Barkay and the late Eilat Mazar were the prominent
archaeologists in the committee, which was very active in the years 2000-2012 and conducted

Tāḥmās: What are You?
102

1:7 Meir Lubetski
many meetings with senior officials and politicians, filed several petitions to the Supreme

Court, and brought to the media's attention many incidents of antiquities destruction that
1:8 Steven M. Ortiz
occurred on the Temple Mount. The Battle at Gob: An analysis of the Gezer-Gob 119
Issue in 2 Samuel 21:18 and Chronicles 20:4
Their actions gradually became fruitful, as the public and government officials became more

g
e
at

t
h
o
R
t
i
v
Un
Sch
al
s
er
Teachin Teaching at the Rothberg International School at the Hebrew University and more aware of the importance of preserving the antiquities of the Temple Mount, which
w
l a
o
t th
e
r
e
Heb
o
I

ter
n
b
h
g
er
1:9 Ronny Reich
it
y
n
A Note on ‘Ten Holinesses’ (Mishnah Kelim 1,
atio
n

(Photo: Kate Brooks)
(Photo: K ate B r o o k s ) even led the State Comptroller to conduct an extensive inquiry on the issue, and as for today,

and Yuval Baruch

6-9) and the Herodian Temple Mount in

131

Jerusalem
no construction or renovation takes place on the Temple Mount without the approval and

supervision of the Israel Antiquity Authority and some other authorities

ISBN 978 - 965 - 7162 - 25 - 5
ISBN 978-965-7162-25-5

el
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)
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ar
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8
11 C. Mc C. McKinny, O. Schwartz, G. Barkay, A. Fantalkin, and B. Zissu (2018). “Kiriath-Jearim (Deir el-‘Azhar):
s
is
‘
.
1
:
y
tz,
k
iath
B
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J
ea
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,
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68.
w
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Hill
tio
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n
”.
o
an
es
B
s
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ical
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ib
e
lo
C
Archae Archaeological Investigations of a Biblical Town in the Judean Hill Country”. Israel Exploration Journal 68. pp
i

y

30-49. 30-49.
XVI

GRAPHY
d se
a
PART II – EPIGRAPHY AND ICONOGRAPHY d several chapters in the final
D I

II
a
a
nd their
y
B
ms.
e

O
ra
ms.
rs)
nr
discove
n more
nt
whole
g
AN
si
3:2 Avraham Faust , which makes
y
rk
y
pro

r
e
v
e
a
nific
g
e
I
nr
GRAPHY
a
e
membe
502
the
a
membe rs) PART nd their – EP ichme ichme nt ra pro g C ON rk B a a uthor a e uthor v e ra l c ha pter s in the fina l Deuter onom y (7:9) The Northeastern Burial Field at Tel ‘Eton nt since it has
6
6
9
publication and published additional papers about finds from the excavation.

and Eyal Baruch the biblical research Documentary Hypothesis.
publication and published additional papers about finds from the excavation. impli c a t ions for
The Bulla of “Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An

The Ketef Hinnom excavation also yielded rich and rare finds from many other periods of
e
rt D
,

utsch
2:1 Robert Deutsch, The Bulla of “Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An

2:1 Robe

Andre Andre Lemaire, Embarrassing Forgery 136 136 Jerusalem, such as several rifles from the Ottoman period, an extremely rare 4th-c 526
The Well in the Northeast Corner of Tel Lachish entury CE
,
a
L
3:3 Yosef Garfinkel,

ire
e
m

Embarrassing Forgery

Gabriel Barkay,

Gabrie l B a rk a y , coin minted in the Kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia, remains of a Byzantine church (probably the
Gabriel Pieter G e rt va ha k e r V e e n "Church of St. George Extramuros" (outside of the walls)), the first Roman soldiers' cremation
Muslim Burial Practice in Light of the Findings
Pieter Gert van der Veen
n d
3:4 Alon Shavit
of the Excavation at the Mamilla Cemetery in r small finds,
tz
and David Itzhak
I
and Da
vid
discovered in Jerusalem, burials from the Second Temple period, and many othe
545

Jerusalem
Tell this Man the Meaning of his Vision (Daniel, 8:16) especially jewelry, from all the periods the site was occupied. It is also notewor thy to mention

2:2 Alexander Fantalkin Two Persian Period Aramaic Inscriptions from
2:2 Ale x a é nde e r F a ntalkin Two Persian Period Aramaic Inscriptions from 150 that this excavation Israeli archaeology encountered the fiercest clash with extreme ultra-
L

orthodox groups that oppose excavations of ancient burials by archaeologists.
and Andr
3:5 David Ussishkin

and André Lemaire Yavneh Yam
e
150
mair

Yavneh Yam

On the Fortifications of Betar, Bar-Kochba’s

Last Stronghold 571
A Palimpsest Palaeo-Hebrew Ostracon Revisited 158
l L
n
a
g
2:3 Michael Langlois
Studies in Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography 2:3 Micha é e L e mair loi s A Palimpse st Pal ae o - He bre w Ostracon R e v isi ted 158 3:6 Boaz Zissu A Rock-Cut Tomb at Iyyei Nahash in the Judean

and André Lemaire
and Andr

e

and the Biblical World in Honor of Gabriel Barkay Shephelah 583
y
2:4 André Lemaire
e
Dual in Earl
Dual in Early Aramaic and Tel Dan Stele
and T
l Dan Stele
Aramaic
On the Occasion of his 80 Birthday (22 June 2024) 2:4 Andr é L e mair e Barkay Barkay inspecting an Iron Age Jerusalem burial cave 170 170
th
A
l
g
r

b
e
u

in
ge
us
e
ial ca
r
J
s
m
n I
p
ec
n
r
tin
v
a
o
e
a

(Image(s) courtesy of www.HolyLandPhotos.org)
(Image(s) courtesy of www.HolyLandPhotos.org)
2:5 Alan Mil lar d Scroll Scrolls – Little or Large 185 185 CONTRIBUTORS
a

or L
e
rge
L

2:5 Alan Millard
tl
it
–
s

his work at Lachish, in 1975, Barkay began the excavation that would gain him
Alongside his work at Lachish, in 1975, Barkay began the excavation that would gain him side
Along worldwide publicity ti uk Inscriptions that Confirm 16 Hebrew Kings: construct a Prof. Rami Arav – University of Nebraska at Omaha (Emeritus)
re
e
. M
w
c
y
n
J
2:6 La
y
2:6 Lawrence J. Mykytiuk Inscriptions that Confirm 16 Hebrew Kings:
t

a
y
worldwide publi
it
c
k at "Ketef Hinnom." The Rothschild Foundation planned to construct a "Ketef Hinnom." The Rothschild Foundation planned to
building on the sit e , a n d a sa lvage e A Thumbnail History and Current Percentages 191 The 7
urrent Pe
ory
7
A Thumbnail Hist
e
rc

ntages
a
and C required prior the construction.required prior the construction.
191 The
va
c
on wa
s
building on the site, and a salvage excavation was
ti
x

exca excavation took place over about seven seasons sporadically until 1994, uncovering seven vation took place over about seven seasons sporadically until 1994, uncovering seven Dr. Gabriel Barkay – Formerly Bar Ilan University
2:7 Na
e
man
Hezek
of t
iah’s Y

v Na
’a
ign i
Hezekiah’s Years of Reign in Light of the

da
ars of
he
2:7 Nadav Na’aman
ight

Re Among these was a burial system
burial caves dating to the end of the First Temple Period.
s
burial
F
irst
e
th
c
da
riod
n L Among these was a burial system
.
e
ti
mpl
T
e
g
ve
e
nd of
a
P
8
to
e
8
n
the
Ev

idenc
e

Edited by with a with an untouched repository, the only Iron Age burial in Jerusalem discovered with a 216 Dr. Yuval Baruch – Israel Antiquities Authority; The School of Archaeology and

Epigraphic Evidence
Epigraphi
c
l in J
or
it
pos

the
a
onl
y
,
lem
r
d
I
216 with all its ll its
rusa
re
on
untouche
ove
e
buri
y
g
e
d re
disc
n
A
contents in situ, and among one of the richest in all Israel. It contained over one thousand items in situ, and among one of the richest in all Israel. It contained over one thousand items
Robert Deutsch and André Lemaire contents Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa
”
e
rts
a
tual
Ev
idenc
rde
231
Ex
nnis
The “Experts” of Ugarit: The Textual Evidence 231
2:8 De
e

e
The “
pe
P
T

r
st
a
and at least 95 individuals. It included 263 complete vessels, arrowheads, other metal objects,
95 indi
e
vidual
te
s.
ve
ssels,
and at lea 2:8 Dennis Pardee I t includ e d 263 c ompl of Ugari t: T he row x he a ds, ot he r meta l obje c ts, Prof. David Blumenthal - Emory University (Retired)

bone and ivory objects, inlay pieces, a hoard of jewelry items, glass vessels, alabaster vessels, and ivory objects, inlay pieces, a hoard of jewelry items, glass vessels, alabaster vessels,
bone
a silve a silver signet ring, an ancient Hebrew seal, and many more rare finds.
2:9 Robert Silverman Early Epigraphic Evidence for the ‘Aleinu
Early Epigraphic Evidence for the ‘Aleinu
2:9 Robe
rt S
ve

n
rma
il
w se
ient He
a
c
y
t rin
n a
r
n
r sig
n
finds.
a
e
e

g
br
l, and m
re
, a
mor
e
a
n
The most and James Ford finds were the two famous silver amulets, which are among the most significant le-Shabeach Prayer amulets, 333 333 Prof. James Charlesworth – Princeton Theological Seminary (Emeritus)

mes F

and Ja
ord
le-Shabeach Prayer which are among the most
The most significant finds were the two famous silver
importa
important archaeological discoveries shedding light on the Bible. The amulets were discovered nt archaeological discoveries shedding light on the Bible. The amulets were discovered

n W
im
tef
a
2:10 Stefan Wimmer Whose Year 32

2:10 S
Whose Year 32
y
d

d
in 1979 but were only deciphered in 1986 after they had been opened in the Israel Museum
n
Museum
Manuscript editing: Pamela Meron in 1979 but we re onl mer e c ipher e d in 1986 a fte r t he y ha d b e e ope ne in the I sra e l 342 342 Prof. Aaron Demsky – Bar Ilan University (Emeritus)

labs. The text on the amulets amazed the scholarly world of biblical archaeology since they The text on the amulets amazed the scholarly world of biblical archaeology since they
Barkay at one of the burials at Ketef Hinnom
labs. included the p a dok A Pre A Preliminary Prosopographical Evaluation Dr. Robert Deutsch – Formerly University of Haifa
Prosopographi
ion
minary
2:11 Ran Zadok
al Ev
c
li

2:11 R
aluat
a
include
d
n Z the priestly benediction verses from Numbers 6: 24:27. These are the earliest riestly benediction verses from Numbers 6: 24:27. These are the earliest
Gabriel B a r k ay , 2012 appea r appearances of biblical verses known today and indicate that during the Iron Age II there was (Courtesy of the Ketef Hinnom excavation)
Gabriel Barkay, 2012
351
351
ls
ion Bow

of the Incantation Bowls
antat

of the Inc

s
y
s
a
the
bibl
l
a
r
e
II
known
toda
of
nd i
that during
on
ica
a
te
s
nc
ther
A
ndica
e
g
rse
I

w
e
ve
(Photo by Robert Deutsch)
(Photo by R ober t D eut sc h ) a pra In 1984, Barkay had the privilege to excavate the prominent site of Ramat Rachel which was
Dr. Jan Dušek – Charles University, Prague
a practice of wearing apotropaic text on the body. ctice of wearing apotropaic text on the body.
With the 2:12 Ziony Zevit Six Priests on a Pit hos read and identified using the focus of a controversy between Yigael Yadin and Yochanan Aharoni. The former dated the
441
vit
ion

2:12 Z

Z
e
441

With the
lp
Six Priests on a Pithos was read and identified using
he
y help of additional scholars, in 2004, further text was of additional scholars, in 2004, further text

Mr. Zachi Dvira - Bar-Ilan University
innovative photography techniques and digital imaging. The new text included a verse from photography techniques and digital imaging. The new text included a verse from
innovative site to Athaliah, the queen of Judah in the 9th century BCE, while the latter identified it with a
ate
East Arabi
A South-East Arabian Bowl in a Private
v

r
Z

iff
e
rit
2:13 I 2:13 Irit Ziffer A South - on an Bowl in a Pri 464 464 palace built in the 6th century BCE by King Jehoiakim. Barkay found under the palace LMLK
ti

Prof. Alexander Fantalkin, Tel Aviv University
Collection
Collec

jar handles which date the earlier phase to the 8th century BCE, and suggested it was

10
reconstructed shortly afterward, perhaps at the time of King Hezekiah or Manasseh. Thus,
Tel-Aviv, Israel
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,
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Prof. Avraham Faust – Bar-Ilan University
–

EO
PART III – ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Center Publications 6 The Ren See for example: G. Barkay and D. Ussishkin. (2004). "The Late Bronze Age Strata". In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.).
HA
GY

ica
va
a

t
g
G
c
The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) I,2. Tel Aviv University. pp. 316-411; G.
1;
.
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Barkay (1996). "A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish". Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82. y (1996). "A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish". Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82.
2024 Barka 7 Eventually they changed their plans to another location. ow e r in Iron Age II 9 G. Barkay, et. Al. (2004). "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation". Bulletin of the
7
lan
ca
an
n
eir
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s
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p
all
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t
o
an
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lo
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to
Eventu
er
.
Symbols of Authority and Power in Iron Age II
i
3:1 Rami Arav
av
3:1 Ram
ty and P
Authori
Prof. James Nathan Ford – Bar Ilan University
r
Symbols of
A

8 Hinnom In the years 1975-1976, 1979-1980, 1988-1989, 1994 and 1996. See: G. Barkay. (2009). "The Riches of Ketef American Schools of Oriental Research (334). pp. 41-71.
1
In the
988
79
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198
a
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a
rk
s
y
(
2009)
n
.
r
1976
-
.

See:
9

G.
B
5
996
1
7

a
9
f
8
,
es o
y

,

19
Kete
f

"
T

.
1980,
994
1
ich
ea
h
e
R
ase
ant; Be
490
Southern Levant; Bethsaida as a Case Study 490
Study
v
e

Southern L
da as a C
thsai
ch
lica
35
y

-
126.
12

2
l A
,
r
-
ib
23
e
5
iew
Hinnom". Biblical Archaeology Review 35(4/5). pp. 23-35, 122-126.
)
35(

lo
4/
o
a
ev
"
.
R
B
.
pp
g
.
10 G. Barkay (2006). "Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?: The Tantalizing Possibilities of Ramat Raḥel". Biblical
Prof. Yosef Garfinkel – Hebrew University, Jerusalem
Archaeology Review 32(5). pp. 34-44.

XIV