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Who has been able to do that? Did not Martin Luther King inherit the apocalyptic imagination persecutions can yet dream that “behold, the dwelling of God is with humans, and he shall tent representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70, And the leopard with the young goat shall lie down.

5. The first evidence for fiscal clay sealings from controlled archaeological work,

shedding light on the taxation system in Judah during the First Temple period. τοῦ θεοῦ

when he claimed, like Moses, to climb the mountain and see the promised land? Are some of his with them, and they shall be his people. And He, God, shall be with them” (Ἰδοὺ ἡ σκηνὴ which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus, And the calf and the young lion and the fattened-animal together.
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dreams now slowly becoming reality? Did not Jesus teach his followers to pray: “Thy kingdom μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετʼ αὐτῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ λαοὶ αὐτοῦ ἔσονται, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other, And a small boy shall lead them.
6. Locating the biblical place 'Gan Uza,' where the kings of Judah who were not buried in
come on earth”? And were King and Jesus not brutally murdered? How can we learn that such μετʼ αὐτῶν ἔσται). Did the author not imagine the End would be a return to the blessed life of the even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening And the cow and the bear shall graze [together],
the tombs of the House of David were interred, at the traditional structure known today
deaths do not diminish hope? Beginning? Was there a more promising future for early Jews than the time when all sickness and that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell Their young shall lie down together.
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
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as David's Tomb on Mt. Zion.
Who has been able to do that? Did not Martin Luther King inherit the apocalyptic imagination
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
when he claimed, like Moses, to climb the mountain and see the promised land? Are some of his evil will cease and God will not need a Temple because, as in Eden, he dwells with his faithful in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others And the lion as the ox shall eat straw.
7. Identification of biblical Nob at the French hill.
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Early Jewish descriptions of a celestial or promising place of peace and tranquility define
dreams now slowly becoming reality? Did not Jesus teach his followers to pray: “Thy kingdom people. were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum. And the nursing child shall play over the hole of the cobra.
outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
There are many more studies that Barkay has not yet published, and unfortunately, since 2020,
come on earth”? And were King and Jesus not brutally murdered? How can we learn that such he has been suffering from a serious illness that limits his mobility and energy. However, he even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening And the weaned child shall put its hand on the viper’s den.
apocalypses, testaments, and psalms. How can we stimulate others to not only read these accounts
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
deaths do not diminish hope? Perceiving a New Creation All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain,
but try to feel what the early Jews experienced when they imagined being present to view the
scene? has not given up on publishing some of this work with the help of research assistants. A in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others For the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD (הָָ֔והְי),
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
The early Jewish testaments are filled with apocalyptic expectations and occasionally receive
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Early Jewish descriptions of a celestial or promising place of peace and tranquility define noteworthy piece of research, which he has been conducting for many years and will be were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum. As the waters cover the sea.
are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including

visions of a new creation. Note the following passage in the Testament of Naphtali:
apocalypses, testaments, and psalms. How can we stimulate others to not only read these accounts published in a forthcoming book, is about the Book of Songs of Songs from an archaeological
Let us recall that the apocalypses are defined with such vivid experiences as these: Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
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but try to feel what the early Jews experienced when they imagined being present to view the and historical perspective. In this research, Barkay brings to light evidence that the book was All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five ׃ם ָב גֵּ֥ הנ ן ָּ֖ ֹ טָק רַּעֵַּּ֥נְו ו ָ֔דְחי ֙אי ִּרְמוּ ריִָּ֤פְכוּ לֶג ֨עְו ץָּ֑ב ְרי יִּ֣דְג־םִּע רָּ֖ מנְו שֶׂב ָ֔כּ־םִּע ֙ב אז רָָ֤גְו
scene? originally composed during the Iron Age IIA. centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
Command your children that they be in unity with Levi and Judah,
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for through Judah will salvation arise for Israel,
are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including
Then I stood still, looking at that ancient house being transformed … I went on seeing until An additional forthcoming publication is about the biblical laws of the stranger, the fatherless, Do We Learn from Our Mistakes? ׃ןֶבַֽ ֶת־לַּכאי ר ֵָּ֥קָבַּכּ הָּ֖ י ְראְַו ןֶּ֑הי דְלי וּ ֣ צְב ְרי וָָּ֖דְחי הני ָ֔ע ְרִּת ֙בדָו ה ָָ֤רָפוּ
the Lord of the sheep brought about a new house, greater and loftier than the first one, and
Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
and in him will Jacob be blessed.
Let us recall that the apocalypses are defined with such vivid experiences as these: and the widow in light of ancient Hebrew inscriptions from Jerusalem and its surroundings. How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why ׃ה ָדָה ו ֵּ֥ ֹ די לוּ ָּ֖ מָג י ָ֔נוֹעְפִּצ ת ַּ֣רוּאְמ לַּעְו ןֶתָּ֑פ ר֣ ח־לַּע קָּ֖ נוֹי עֵַּּ֥שֲעַֽ ִּשְו
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set it up in the first location which had been covered up – all its pillars were new, the Through his kingly power God will appear …, do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
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Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
Then I stood still, looking at that ancient house being transformed … I went on seeing until
columns new; and the ornaments new as well as greater than those of the first … . to save the race of Israel, repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing פ ׃םיַֽ ִּסַּכְמ םֵָּ֥יַּל םיַָּּ֖מַּכּ הָ֔והי־תֶא ֙הָע ד ץ ֶר ָ֗אָה הָ֣אְלָמ־יִּכּ י ִּּ֑ שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכְב וּתיִָּּ֖חְשַּי־א ַֽלְֹו וּע ֵּ֥ רי־אַֽלֹ
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
the Lord of the sheep brought about a new house, greater and loftier than the first one, and Summary to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
[1 En 90:28-29; Isaac in OTP 1.91]
and to assemble the righteous from among the nations.

do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
set it up in the first location which had been covered up – all its pillars were new, the To sum up, Gabriel Barkay can certainly be ranked among the "giants" of archaeology in scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac This passage may be the oldest apocalyptic vision of future bliss in our sacred literatures.

[TNaph 8:2-3; Kee in OTP 1.813]
columns new; and the ornaments new as well as greater than those of the first … .
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
Most readers will comprehend that the New Temple in Jerusalem is being described. The author Jerusalem and Israel. His place in this esteemed group is not only due to his extensive repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing

of Revelation shared a similar vision some centuries later. A dream, shared by Jews and Christians knowledge, numerous publications, and discoveries but also because of his tireless efforts to to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra The author of Revelation foresaw heaven descending to earth and defining Jerusalem as the Holy
[1 En 90:28-29; Isaac in OTP 1.91]
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’

Barkay Barkay guiding a group of archaeologists visiting the Temple Mount Sifting Project laboratory The apocalyptic expectation also flows into Psalms and Odes. The author of the Odes of Solomon scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac City. No Temple is described; perhaps the author is prophesying that no one will need to seek to
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in the late first century CE is preserved in Revelation 21: ) bring this heritage to the public through teaching, lecturing, and media appearances. Barkay Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
shares his visit into Paradise:
Most readers will comprehend that the Ne
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of Revelation shared a similar vision some centuries later. A dream, shared by Jews and Christians believes that archaeology serves as a vital link between the past and the present, and he the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’ reach God in heaven. God will dwell among the faithful as he had in the very beginnings and all
humans will relax with him in a pleasant abode.
Everything that is hateful to you,

Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed
And he took me into his Paradise,

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Other Significant Publications
Other in the late first century CE is preserved in Revelation 21: embodies this principle through his actions. Even today, despite his severe illness, he does not teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
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You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
away, and the sea was no more.

Wherein is the wealth of the Lord’s pleasure. …
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Gabi's publications vary and include many innovative ideas and proposals that are not
And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God,

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necessarily associated with the excavations he has been involved in. His research usually
You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
away, and the sea was no more.

Then I adored the Lord because of his magnificence.
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adopts adopts a maximalist approach on issues such as the size of First Temple Period Jerusalem, or On his 80th birthday, we wish Professor Gabriel Barkay good health, strength, and happiness As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend would walk with the Creator in the coolness that defines the evening.
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And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from
adopts a maximalist approach on issues such as the size of First Temple Period Jerusalem, or God,
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]

And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying:

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the historical core of the biblical narrative, and he presents it in a very convincing manner.
“Behold, the home of God is among mortals.

And I said, blessed, O Lord, are they
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Below a re som And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying: re se a rc h a tt it ude a nd c r e a ti ve heritage of Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend Thanks to the preservation of the literature in the biblical documents, among the Dead Sea Scrolls,
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that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave
He will dwell with them as their God;
Below are some selected subjects that represent his innovative research attitude and creative
thoug thought: “Behold, the home of God is among mortals. Who are planted in your land, the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old and New Testaments (as well as some so-called

ht:
behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
thought: they will be his peoples,
He will dwell with them as their God;
13
1. The fir st attempt to re c on struc t t he siz e of I ron A ge J e rusa lem ba se d on bur ial da ta. 13 And who have a place in your Paradise; that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave patristic texts and Syriac manuscripts) we may read about heaven on earth and wonderful abodes
13
1. The first attempt to reconstruct the size of Iron Age Jerusalem based on burial data.

and God himself will be with them;
1. The first attempt to reconstruct the size of Iron Age Jerusalem based on burial data.
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2. Re 2. Relocation of the biblical place named Ir-David from the summit of the hill ridge to a And who grow in the growth of your trees, behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs? in one of the heavens. In the Essene Thanksgiving Hymns, the Righteous Teacher imagines God is
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he will wipe every tear from their eyes.
2. Relocation of the biblical place named Ir-David from the summit of the hill ridge to a

and God himself will be with them;
a
southern and lower area.
Death will be no more;
he will wipe every tear from their eyes.
southern and lower area. 14 14 And have passed from darkness into light blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past helping him plant the renewed Garden of Eden. See especially 1QH 16 (Sukenik 8); in this column
14
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
southern and lower area.

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mourning and crying and pain will be no more,
Death will be no more;
blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
3. Identification of the monument of Yad Avshalom as the tomb of King Herod Agrippa

15
I. I. [OdesSol 11.16-19; Charlesworth in OTP 2.745] and sacra scriptura? spring” in a parched land and as the Irrigator of the Garden (יקשמו ןג). How is that possible? In line
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for the first things have passed away.” [Rev 21:1-4]
mourning and crying and pain will be no more,
15
I.
4. The possibility of a Late Bronze Age Egyptian temple that stood north of the City.
4. The possibility of a Late Bronze Age Egyptian temple that stood north of the City. 16 16 Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity 16.17, we read: םשג הרויכ יפב התמש ילא התאו. God has placed in the mouth of the Teacher water like

for the first things have passed away.” [Rev 21:1-4]

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4. The possibility of a Late Bronze Age Egyptian temple that stood north of the City.
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
Is it not remarkable that the author claims to see “a new heaven and a new earth” (οὐρανὸν καινὸν The guide is the Lord, not a seer as in the apocalypses. He takes the Odist into Paradise so he can Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah gentle rain.
foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
Is it not remarkable that the author claims to see “a new heaven and a new earth” (οὐρανὸν καινὸν
καὶ γῆν καινήν). Why is there a need for a new heaven? Has it been polluted by the Nephilim, the

see the blessed ones who have a place in Paradise and are permanently planted like trees. Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah

καὶ γῆν καινήν). Why is there a need for a new heaven? Has it been polluted by the Nephilim, the foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s Enoch who had “walked with God” is ultimately hailed celestially as “that Son of Man.” An angel

hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy

fallen angels, and the betrayal of Satan who was a superior angel serving previously in heaven

te.
13
13 See no fallen angels, and the betrayal of Satan who was a superior angel serving previously in heaven What good is a heaven or Paradise that is infinitely far away and closed to all, both the living and hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy promises Enoch, that he is “that Son of Man,” who brings peace that will last forever (1En 71:14-
3
.
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
See note. 3. 16
16
14 G. B 14 beside God? The exceptional apocalyptic vision describes how “I saw the Holy City, the new the “apparently” dead? What good is a Paradise that is inaccessible to all who have lived (cf. LAE). mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
beside God?
See note. 3. The exceptional apocalyptic vision describes how “I saw the Holy City, the new
13 G. Barkay (2006). "City of David – A Glossary of Terms". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of arkay (2006). "City of David – A Glossary of Terms". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of
G. Barkay (2015). "Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom - A Fiscal Bulla from the Slopes
17
AncienJerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride for her husband” (τὴν πόλιν of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae". in: M. Lubetski and E. Lubetski (Eds.). Recording 17).
14 Ancient Jerusalem 1. pp. 7-19. Jerusalem. (Hebrew) t Jerusalem 1. pp. 7-19. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
G. Barkay (2006). "City of David – A Glossary of Terms". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of
Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride for her husband” (τὴν πόλιν
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15 G. Bar G. Barkay (2013). "Absalom's Tomb: New Thoughts". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of Ancient According to the author of 2 Baruch, Paradise was only shown to Adam, Abraham, and Moses And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.
New Epigraphic Evidence: Essays in Honor of Robert Deutsch. Jerusalem. pp 17-50.
Ancient Jerusalem 1. pp. 7-19. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
τὴν ἁγίαν Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡτοιμασμένην
15 Jerusalem 8. pp. 79-99. Jerusalem. (Hebrew) 8. pp. 79-99. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
Jerusalem 18 G. Barkay (1977). "Towards the problem of locating the Tombs of the last Kings of the House of David". In And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together. Other Jews, anticipate the appearance of “the Messiah … from the posterity of David,” who “will
16 ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς). Members of the covenant facing martyrdoms and
G. Barkay (2013). "Absalom's Tomb: New Thoughts". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of Ancient
G. Barkay (1996). "A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem?". Israel Exploration Journal 46(1/2). and
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16 G. Bark νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς). Members of the covenant facing martyrdoms M. Broshi (ed.). Between Hermon and Sinai. Jerusalem. pp. 75-92 (Hebrew). deliver in mercy the remnant of my people, those who have been saved throughout my borders,

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pp. 23- 16 pp. 23-43. 43. 19 G. Barkay (2018). "Towards the identification of Nob: a biblical priestly town", Eretz Israel: archaeological, 11 I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
11
G. Barkay (1996). "A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem?". Israel Exploration Journal 46(1/2).
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
historical and geographical studies 33, pp. 130-131. convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and and he will make them joyful until the end comes, …” (4Ezra 12:32-34; Metzger in OTP 1). This

pp. 23-43.
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
16 Recall Ezekiel 28:11-17, and Isaiah 14:12-15, and Job 1:7. Satan was once a cherub and a part of the divine council. hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
16
Recall Ezekiel 28:11-17, and Isaiah 14:12-15, and Job 1:7. Satan was once a cherub and a part of the divine council.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
10 XXI 6

ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀν
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, June-July 1990. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & αγγε. We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY

suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life. John 16:13). and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 106-109.
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY

23. Barkay, G. (1994). Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt
*
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary the Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 85-106. USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of
First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord. 24. Barkay, G. (1994). A Second "Governor of the City" Bulla. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184.
ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε.
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken
and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews
1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 141-144.* will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and
2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate,
John 16:13).
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life.
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184. 25. Barkay, G., Kloner, A., Mazar, A. (1994). The Northern Necropolis of Jerusalem During optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
8
it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem.
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57.
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the

2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate, like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia, USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
the First Temple Period. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes the
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What
3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration
those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57. Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
Exploration Society. pp. 119-127.*
will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
Journal 26. pp. 57-58.
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration 26. Barkay, G. (1995). The King of Babylonia or a Judaean Official? Israel Exploration the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
8
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the

it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem.
12
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
were convinced they heard God promise:
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration
Journal 26. pp. 57-58. adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget
like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia,
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
Journal 45(1). pp. 41-47.
Journal 27. pp. 119-120.

increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration 27. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A.G. (1995). An Official Seal Impression from Lachish Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the
What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite
Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4.
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
Journal 27. pp. 119-120. leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
Reconsidered. Tel Aviv 22,1. pp. 94-97.
pp. 209-217.
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God
adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears
insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were
Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable
12
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4. 28. Barkay, G. (1996). A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem? Israel Exploration and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why? No answer seems to suffice. the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each
were convinced they heard God promise:
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a
increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by
advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma

not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
pp. 209-217. return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua) on earth? Perhaps the “leaders” acted out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of their human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those
Journal 46(1/2). pp. 23-43.
Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv,
9
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only
and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why? No answer seems to suffice.
the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a 29. Barkay, G., & Vaughn, A. (1996). New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions. ethnicity and religion. who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35.
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what
Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv, warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God Perhaps the “leaders” acted out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of their suffer: 9
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304. pp. 29-54.
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been
return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua)
on earth?
ethnicity and religion.
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35. 30. Barkay, G. (1996). A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish. Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82. There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128.

pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy 31. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A. G. (1996). "Lmlk" and Official Seal Impressions from Tel Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This suffer: The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the
that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9,
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.).
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128. 13 In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath,
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unexpectedly, before each of us.
*
Lachish. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 23,1 (1996) 61-74.
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
2. pp. 14-19.
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been
[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation

capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9, 32. Barkay, G. (1997). Politics - Not Religious Law - Rules Ultra-Orthodox Demonstrators. Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the

that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New
angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath,

2. pp. 14-19. everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.). Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in in the fire of the dark region.
13
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
Biblical Archaeology Review 23(6). pp. 56-57, 77. pectedly, before each of us.
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unex
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43.
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
6
9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New 33. Barkay, G. (1998). A Signet Ring of Alexander. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha [1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
15
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
in the fire of the dark region.
million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in

[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]

10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43. Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have [1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
6
is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we

a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
Archaeological Society 16. pp. 65-69.
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57.
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology 34. Deutsch, R., Barkay, G. (1999). A Storage-Jar Handle with Two Hebrew Personal Seal been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
15
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land

Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
10
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57. 14 is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. The
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent
John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
Impressions. in: Deutsch, R. (Ed.). West Semitic Epigraphic News of the First Millenium
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39.
7
invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. The
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, progress of the human? wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, led
10
in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we -
BCE. Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center. pp. 81-85.
12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical
It should now be undeniable
14
7
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39. that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I 35. Sinibaldi, M., Goodfriend, G. A., Barkay, G., Marchese, S. and Gil-av, E. (1999). Aspartic rhaps progress of the human? to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus.
wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, led
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and pe
Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50.

stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm
12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we - In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus.
dream.
Acid Racemization in Teeth from Ketef Hinnom, a Late Holocene Burial Cave in
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land
It should now be undeniable that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I
and disagreement; that colleague
Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50. obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and perhaps In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to

Jerusalem: Evidence for Reuse. Geoarchaeology 14. pp. 441–454.
and Nature 13. pp. 123-129.
dream.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm
suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land 36. Avigad, N., Barkay, G. (2000). The "LMLK" and Related Seal Impressions. in: Geva, H. is not What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration
Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It
and disagreement; that colleague obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these
behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which

Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
and Nature 13. pp. 123-129. (Ed.). Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman is not What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203.
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
Just as the foregoing words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It Do We Learn from Our Mistakes? behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which
Avigad, 1969-1982, Vol. 1. pp. 243-266.
we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal

enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are
Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203. 37. Barkay, G. (2000). What's an Egyptian Temple Doing in Jerusalem? Biblical Archaeology Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? the Land of Israel.
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically?
the Land of Israel.
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are
Just as the foregoin
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. g words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth.
15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal For he will reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after How May we Perceive a New Creation?
How May we Perceive a New Creation?
reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
Review 26(3). pp. 48-57.
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh.
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. 38. Bautch, R., Coblentz Bautch, K., Barkay, G., Guise Sheridan, S. (2000). "The Vessels of Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which
A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth. For he will
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241.
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh. ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει
and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the
is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
the Potter Shall Be Broken": The Material Culture from a Burial Cave at St. Étienne's
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241. ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ
wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced

Monastery, Jerusalem. ŕevue biblique 107. pp. 561-590.

Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45.
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les 39. Barkay, G. & Im, M. (2001). Egyptian Influence on the Painted Human Figures from What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and 8 8 See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
12

18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp.
As usual, I reserve the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the

“very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו השָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God
ָ ָ֔ ָ
Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45. “very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו ה ָ֔שָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological

the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are
12
As usual, I reserve
Kuntillet 'Ajrud. Tel Aviv 28,2. pp. 288-300
Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological
published before 1985. the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
48-50.
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp. 40. Barkay, G., Fantalkin, A., & Tal, O. (2002). A Late Iron Age Fortress North of Jerusalem. especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are
13 published before 1985.
Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p.
19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129.
that in the end his rule will triumph.
13
Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
48-50. See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p. that in the end his rule will triumph. promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them. Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them.
72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 328. pp. 49-72.
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in
Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected

72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men

19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129. 41. Barkay, G. (2003). Iron Age II Incised Potsherds and Potters' Marks. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192.
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: V. 2. The Finds from Areas A, Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to
9
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192. discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to

W and X-2. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew

9
Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114.
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of 15 Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by 6 6 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. introduction of final forms.
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
University of Jerusalem. pp. 50-62.
15
14
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586
introduction of final forms.
10
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by
14
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114. 42. Barkay, G., Lundberg, M., Vaughn, A., Zuckerman, B., & Zuckerman, K. (2003). The 7 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. 10 Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
Ibid., pp. xv, 3.
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.).
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586 Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of ‘Word,’” Philosophy and 7 Ibid., pp. xv, 3. in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
Challenges of Ketef Hinnom. Near Eastern Archaeology 66(4). pp. 162-171. ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.). Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
8 XXIII 4