Page 23 - Step and repeat document 1

And the leopard with the young goat shall lie down.

5. The first evidence for fiscal clay sealings from controlled archaeological work,

which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
shedding light on the taxation system in Judah during the First Temple period. τοῦ θεοῦ
with them, and they shall be his people. And He, God, shall be with them” (Ἰδοὺ ἡ σκηνὴ
17
when he claimed, like Moses, to climb the mountain and see the promised land? Are some of his
And the calf and the young lion and the fattened-animal together.

outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετʼ αὐτῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ λαοὶ αὐτοῦ ἔσονται, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς
And a small boy shall lead them.
dreams now slowly becoming reality? Did not Jesus teach his followers to pray: “Thy kingdom
6. Locating the biblical place 'Gan Uza,' where the kings of Judah who were not buried in
even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening
μετʼ αὐτῶν ἔσται). Did the author not imagine the End would be a return to the blessed life of the
And the cow and the bear shall graze [together],
come on earth”? And were King and Jesus not brutally murdered? How can we learn that such
the tombs of the House of David were interred, at the traditional structure known today
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
deaths do not diminish hope?
Their young shall lie down together.
Beginning? Was there a more promising future for early Jews than the time when all sickness and
18
Who has been able to do that? Did not Martin Luther King inherit the apocalyptic imagination
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
as David's Tomb on Mt. Zion.
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
And the lion as the ox shall eat straw.
evil will cease and God will not need a Temple because, as in Eden, he dwells with his faithful
when he claimed, like Moses, to climb the mountain and see the promised land? Are some of his
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
19
7. Identification of biblical Nob at the French hill.
11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
And the nursing child shall play over the hole of the cobra.
dreams now slowly becoming reality? Did not Jesus teach his followers to pray: “Thy kingdom
outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
people.
Early Jewish descriptions of a celestial or promising place of peace and tranquility define
There are many more studies that Barkay has not yet published, and unfortunately, since 2020,
even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening
come on earth”? And were King and Jesus not brutally murdered? How can we learn that such
apocalypses, testaments, and psalms. How can we stimulate others to not only read these accounts
And the weaned child shall put its hand on the viper’s den.

he has been suffering from a serious illness that limits his mobility and energy. However, he
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
deaths do not diminish hope?
They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain,
but try to feel what the early Jews experienced when they imagined being present to view the
Perceiving a New Creation
has not given up on publishing some of this work with the help of research assistants. A

in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
For the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD (הָָ֔והְי),
scene?
The early Jewish testaments are filled with apocalyptic expectations and occasionally receive
noteworthy piece of research, which he has been conducting for many years and will be
11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Early Jewish descriptions of a celestial or promising place of peace and tranquility define
are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including

As the waters cover the sea.
visions of a new creation. Note the following passage in the Testament of Naphtali:
published in a forthcoming book, is about the Book of Songs of Songs from an archaeological

apocalypses, testaments, and psalms. How can we stimulate others to not only read these accounts
Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
Let us recall that the apocalypses are defined with such vivid experiences as these:

ֹ
ו ָ֔דְחי ֙אי ִּרְמוּ ריִָּ֤פְכוּ לֶג ֨עְו ץָּ֑ב ְרי יִּ֣דְג־םִּע רָּ֖ מנְו שֶׂב ָ֔כּ־םִּע ֙ב אז רָָ֤גְו
ָ
׃ם ָב גֵּ֥ הנ ן ָּ֖ ֹ טָק רַּעֵַּּ֥נְו
ַֽ

ַּ
ִּ
ָ
ֶ

but try to feel what the early Jews experienced when they imagined being present to view the
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five
and historical perspective. In this research, Barkay brings to light evidence that the book was

Command your children that they be in unity with Levi and Judah,
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
scene?
originally composed during the Iron Age IIA.
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
ֹ
׃ןֶבַֽ ֶת־לַּכאי ר ֵָּ֥קָבַּכּ הָּ֖ י ְראְַו ןֶּ֑הי דְלי וּ ֣ צְב ְרי וָָּ֖דְחי הני ָ֔ע ְרִּת ֙בדָו ה ָָ֤רָפוּ

ַֽ
ָ
ֶ
ַּ
ַּ
ִּ

Then I stood still, looking at that ancient house being transformed … I went on seeing until
for through Judah will salvation arise for Israel,

are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including
An additional forthcoming publication is about the biblical laws of the stranger, the fatherless,
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
the Lord of the sheep brought about a new house, greater and loftier than the first one, and

and in him will Jacob be blessed.
Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
Let us recall that the apocalypses are defined with such vivid experiences as these:

ָ
ִּ
֙

׃ה ָדָה ו ֵּ֥ ֹ די לוּ ָּ֖ מָג י ָ֔נוֹעְפִּצ ת ַּ֣רוּאְמ לַּעְו ןֶתָּ֑פ ר֣ ח־לַּע קָּ֖ נוֹי עֵַּּ֥שֲעַֽ ִּשְו
ַֽ
and the widow in light of ancient Hebrew inscriptions from Jerusalem and its surroundings.
do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
set it up in the first location which had been covered up – all its pillars were new, the

Through his kingly power God will appear …,

ַֽ

ַֽלְֹו וּע ֵּ֥ רי־אַֽלֹ

ָ
ְ
ָ
ִּ

פ ׃םיַֽ ִּסַּכְמ םֵָּ֥יַּל םיַָּּ֖מַּכּ הָ֔והי־תֶא ֙הָע ד ץ ֶר ָ֗אָה הָ֣אְלָמ־יִּכּ י ִּּ֑ שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכְב וּתיִָּּ֖חְשַּי־א
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
columns new; and the ornaments new as well as greater than those of the first … .
Then I stood still, looking at that ancient house being transformed … I went on seeing until

to save the race of Israel,

Summary
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
the Lord of the sheep brought about a new house, greater and loftier than the first one, and
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
[1 En 90:28-29; Isaac in OTP 1.91]

and to assemble the righteous from among the nations.
To sum up, Gabriel Barkay can certainly be ranked among the "giants" of archaeology in
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac
do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
set it up in the first location which had been covered up – all its pillars were new, the

[TNaph 8:2-3; Kee in OTP 1.813]

repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
columns new; and the ornaments new as well as greater than those of the first … .
Jerusalem and Israel. His place in this esteemed group is not only due to his extensive
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
Most readers will comprehend that the New Temple in Jerusalem is being described. The author

[1 En 90:28-29; Isaac in OTP 1.91]

to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
The author of Revelation foresaw heaven descending to earth and defining Jerusalem as the Holy
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
knowledge, numerous publications, and discoveries but also because of his tireless efforts to

of Revelation shared a similar vision some centuries later. A dream, shared by Jews and Christians
The apocalyptic expectation also flows into Psalms and Odes. The author of the Odes of Solomon
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac

City. No Temple is described; perhaps the author is prophesying that no one will need to seek to
Barkay guiding a group of archaeologists visiting the Temple Mount Sifting Project laboratory
is
it
v
is
g

ts
h
Barkay
e
t
in
g

lo
a
g
r
g
in
g
Barkay guiding a group of archaeologists visiting the Temple Mount Sifting Project laboratory
id
u
ch
ar
o
ae
f
u
o
o
p
j
ec
r
o
Mo
o
t la
b
P
t Si
n
ti
f

u
g
n
r

y
p
em
T
to
a
e
r
l
teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
bring this heritage to the public through teaching, lecturing, and media appearances. Barkay
in the late first century CE is preserved in Revelation 21:
shares his visit into Paradise:
Most readers will comprehend that the Ne
uw Temple in Jerusalem is being described. The author
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
P

Mo
le
r
g
ti
f
t Si
n
n
o
t
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
)

(Photo:
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
j
p
em
T
ec
reach God in heaven. God will dwell among the faithful as he had in the very beginnings and all

believes that archaeology serves as a vital link between the past and the present, and he

the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
of Revelation shared a similar vision some centuries later. A dream, shared by Jews and Christians
humans will relax with him in a pleasant abode.
Everything that is hateful to you,

Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed
embodies this principle through his actions. Even today, despite his severe illness, he does not
in the late first century CE is preserved in Revelation 21:
And he took me into his Paradise,

teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
li
ation
c
S
icant P
b
u
ign
Other Significant Publications
Other Significant Publications
if
s

You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
away, and the sea was no more.
refuse an invitation to speak, whether it be via an online video broadcast or in person, despite

Wherein is the wealth of the Lord’s pleasure. …

ti
a
ova
a
nd prop
osa
ve
idea
s
va
nd include
publi
r
y
a
y
inn
ti
Gabi's publications vary and include many innovative ideas and proposals that are not
man
ons
that a
c
Gabi's
ls
r
not

e
Gabi's publications vary and include many innovative ideas and proposals that are not
What a dream that would be for those sweltering today like those suffering the wildfires on Maui
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]

And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God,
his difficulties in traveling.

Everything that is hateful to you,
Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed

ti
h usua
a
va
Hi
a
d in.

ons
rc
he
c
it
ll
h

y
y
s
necessarily associated with the excavations he has been involved in. His research usually
x
ril
the e
a
ted w
n
re
e
be
se

necessa
ssocia

invol
ve
s
ha
necessarily associated with the excavations he has been involved in. His research usually
and all who under the sun are being chocked by hot winds; then again, the descendants of Adam

away, and the sea was no more.
You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
On his 80th birthday, we wish Professor Gabriel Barkay good health, strength, and happiness

Then I adored the Lord because of his magnificence.
h on iss
e
adopts a maximalist approach on issues such as the size of First Temple Period Jerusalem, or
F
e
P
e
th
oa
c
irst
T
e
s
mpl
max
e
h a
rusa
suc
J
lem, or
s
siz
riod
ue
of
e
adopts
ppr
a
a
malist
i
would walk with the Creator in the coolness that defines the evening.
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying:
adopts a maximalist approach on issues such as the size of First Temple Period Jerusalem, or God,
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]

in all aspects of his life. We express our deep gratitude for his significant contributions to the

the historical core of the biblical narrative, and he presents it in a very convincing manner.
r
nts
se
c
e

the hist
.
onvincing
l
ica
a
pre
manne
oric
, a
rr
ve
ore
ti
a
the
ve
r
nd h
y
in
of
c
it
bibl
a
l
na

the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.

the historical core of the biblical narrative, and he presents it in a very convincing manner.
“Behold, the home of God is among mortals.
heritage of Jerusalem and the Land of Israel.
And I said, blessed, O Lord, are they

rc
e
a
ve
e
nt
it
nd c
ted
h
ude
a
ti
se
re
se
a
re
p
is
ts
r
tt
h
c
Below
e
le
Below are some selected subjects that represent his innovative research attitude and creative

re
subj
that re

se
a
a
c
innovative
Thanks to the preservation of the literature in the biblical documents, among the Dead Sea Scrolls,
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
som And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying:
that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave
Below are some selected subjects that represent his innovative research attitude and creative
He will dwell with them as their God;
Who are planted in your land,

and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old and New Testaments (as well as some so-called
the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
thoug
ht:
thought: “Behold, the home of God is among mortals.
behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
thought: they will be his peoples,
And who have a place in your Paradise;

He will dwell with them as their God;
that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave
13
patristic texts and Syriac manuscripts) we may read about heaven on earth and wonderful abodes
13
13
ial da
d on bur
lem ba
1. The
ta.
of
A
he
fir
on
struc
I
to re
st attempt
c
1. The first attempt to reconstruct the size of Iron Age Jerusalem based on burial data.
ron
se
e
t t
rusa
ge
siz
J
e

and God himself will be with them;
1. The first attempt to reconstruct the size of Iron Age Jerusalem based on burial data.

they will be his peoples,

behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
in one of the heavens. In the Essene Thanksgiving Hymns, the Righteous Teacher imagines God is
ica
it
l
Da
bibl
summ
l ridg

vid fr
the
2. Relocation of the biblical place named Ir-David from the summit of the hill ridge to a
om the
of
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
hil
plac
I
-
loca
ti
on of
r
med
to a
na
e
the
e
2. Re

he will wipe every tear from their eyes.
2. Relocation of the biblical place named Ir-David from the summit of the hill ridge to a

and God himself will be with them;

And who grow in the growth of your trees,
a
helping him plant the renewed Garden of Eden. See especially 1QH 16 (Sukenik 8); in this column
blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
14
14
southern and lower area.
southern and lower area.
Death will be no more;
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a

he will wipe every tear from their eyes.
14
southern and lower area.
And have passed from darkness into light

and the following one, the Righteous Teacher praises ינודא for placing him “as the overflowing
and sacra scriptura?

Y
od
r
b of
tom
the
a

a
rippa
s
the
mon

A
A
He
a
Kin
e
vsha
ti
ument of
g
nti
on of
fic
g
d
3. Id
3. Identification of the monument of Yad Avshalom as the tomb of King Herod Agrippa
lom
mourning and crying and pain will be no more,
blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
Death will be no more;
3. Identification of the monument of Yad Avshalom as the tomb of King Herod Agrippa

[OdesSol 11.16-19; Charlesworth in OTP 2.745]
spring” in a parched land and as the Irrigator of the Garden (יקשמו ןג). How is that possible? In line

15
15
I.
I.
for the first things have passed away.” [Rev 21:1-4]
mourning and crying and pain will be no more,
and sacra scriptura?
I.
15

16.17, we read: םשג
הרויכ יפב התמש ילא התאו. God has placed in the mouth of the Teacher water like
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
4. The possibility of a Late Bronze Age Egyptian temple that stood north of the City.
4. The possibility of a Late Bronze Age Egyptian temple that stood north of the City.
16

16

for the first things have passed away.” [Rev 21:1-4]

The guide is the Lord, not a seer as in the apocalypses. He takes the Odist into Paradise so he can
16
4. The possibility of a Late Bronze Age Egyptian temple that stood north of the City.
gentle rain.
Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity

Is it not remarkable that the author claims to see “a new heaven and a new earth” (οὐρανὸν καινὸν
see the blessed ones who have a place in Paradise and are permanently planted like trees.

foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
Is it not remarkable that the author claims to see “a new heaven and a new earth” (οὐρανὸν καινὸν
Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah

καὶ γῆν καινήν). Why is there a need for a new heaven? Has it been polluted by the Nephilim, the

Enoch who had “walked with God” is ultimately hailed celestially as “that Son of Man.” An angel

καὶ γῆν καινήν). Why is there a need for a new heaven? Has it been polluted by the Nephilim, the
foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy
fallen angels, and the betrayal of Satan who was a superior angel serving previously in heaven

hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy
What good is a heaven or Paradise that is infinitely far away and closed to all, both the living and
See no fallen angels, and the betrayal of Satan who was a superior angel serving previously in heaven
promises Enoch, that he is “that Son of Man,” who brings peace that will last forever (1En 71:14-
te.
13
.
13

3
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
14 beside God? The exceptional apocalyptic vision describes how “I saw the Holy City, the new
See note. 3. 16
16
14
13 G. Barkay (2006). "City of David – A Glossary of Terms". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of arkay (2006). "City of David – A Glossary of Terms". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of
G. B
See note. 3. The exceptional apocalyptic vision describes how “I saw the Holy City, the new
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
beside God?
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
17
G. Barkay (2015). "Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom - A Fiscal Bulla from the Slopes
the “apparently” dead? What good is a Paradise that is inaccessible to all who have lived (cf. LAE).
17).

AncienJerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride for her husband” (τὴν πόλιν
14 Ancient Jerusalem 1. pp. 7-19. Jerusalem. (Hebrew) t Jerusalem 1. pp. 7-19. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
G. Barkay (2006). "City of David – A Glossary of Terms". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of
of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae". in: M. Lubetski and E. Lubetski (Eds.). Recording

Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride for her husband” (τὴν πόλιν
According to the author of 2 Baruch, Paradise was only shown to Adam, Abraham, and Moses

And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.
τὴν ἁγίαν Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡτοιμασμένην
0
15
k
f
n
A
n
2
t
cie
u
o
g
ay
T

h
.
h
3
.
1
in
t
)
"
s
T
(
b
o
alo
m
's
s
m
w
e

"
:
b
A
N
:
ity
G. Barkay (2013). "Absalom's Tomb: New Thoughts". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of Ancient
o
C
)
.

f D
tu
d
ies o
S
a
vid

ir
(
n
o
E
15
Me
.
G. Bar
ed
.
Ancient Jerusalem 1. pp. 7-19. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
New Epigraphic Evidence: Essays in Honor of Robert Deutsch. Jerusalem. pp 17-50.
And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.
τὴν ἁγίαν Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡτοιμασμένην

Other Jews, anticipate the appearance of “the Messiah … from the posterity of David,” who “will
Jerusalem
15 Jerusalem 8. pp. 79-99. Jerusalem. (Hebrew) 8. pp. 79-99. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
16 ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς). Members of the covenant facing martyrdoms and
G. Barkay (2013). "Absalom's Tomb: New Thoughts". in: E. Meiron (ed.). City of David Studies of Ancient
18
G. Barkay (1977). "Towards the problem of locating the Tombs of the last Kings of the House of David". In

G. Barkay (1996). "A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem?". Israel Exploration Journal 46(1/2). and
ὡς
G. Bark νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς). Members of the covenant facing martyrdoms
a
s
I
r
J
er
e
.
u

a
a
r
n
tio
lo
E
el
xp

16

t
e
ale
n
m
1996)
B
ia
"
?

on
s
r
pt
E
gy
e
A
"

a

L
(
le
i
y
p
A
.
n
z
.
l
a

u
Jo
n
r
2
1/

)
g
46(
T
em
deliver in mercy the remnant of my people, those who have been saved throughout my borders,
M. Broshi (ed.). Between Hermon and Sinai. Jerusalem. pp. 75-92 (Hebrew).
Jerusalem 8. pp. 79-99. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
11
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
16 pp. 23-43. 43.
pp. 23-
G. Barkay (2018). "Towards the identification of Nob: a biblical priestly town", Eretz Israel: archaeological,
11
19
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
G. Barkay (1996). "A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem?". Israel Exploration Journal 46(1/2).
and he will make them joyful until the end comes, …” (4Ezra 12:32-34; Metzger in OTP 1). This

convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and

historical and geographical studies 33, pp. 130-131.
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
pp. 23-43.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
16
16
Recall Ezekiel 28:11-17, and Isaiah 14:12-15, and Job 1:7. Satan was once a cherub and a part of the divine council.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
Recall Ezekiel 28:11-17, and Isaiah 14:12-15, and Job 1:7. Satan was once a cherub and a part of the divine council.
6
XXI
10
Other Who has been able to do that? Did not Martin Luther King inherit the apocalyptic imagination persecutions can yet dream that “behold, the dwelling of God is with humans, and he shall tent representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70, This passage may be the oldest apocalyptic vision of future bliss in our sacred literatures. ֹ ְ ָ

Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, June-July 1990. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & αγγε.
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀν We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews

BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY
suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life. John 16:13). and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 106-109.
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY
23. Barkay, G. (1994). Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt

*
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes
1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary the Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 85-106. USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars
First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184. 24. Barkay, G. (1994). A Second "Governor of the City" Bulla. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken
and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε.
1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 141-144.* will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and
2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate,
John 16:13).
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life.
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184. 25. Barkay, G., Kloner, A., Mazar, A. (1994). The Northern Necropolis of Jerusalem During optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt
8
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57.
it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem.

Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the

2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate, like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia, USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of
and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What
the First Temple Period. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration
those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes the
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57. Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in
Exploration Society. pp. 119-127.*
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
Journal 26. pp. 57-58.
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration 26. Barkay, G. (1995). The King of Babylonia or a Judaean Official? Israel Exploration the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite
8
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the

it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem.
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration
12
were convinced they heard God promise:
Journal 26. pp. 57-58. adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia,
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget

The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
Journal 45(1). pp. 41-47.
Journal 27. pp. 119-120.

increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration 27. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A.G. (1995). An Official Seal Impression from Lachish Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were
Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4.
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
Journal 27. pp. 119-120. leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
Reconsidered. Tel Aviv 22,1. pp. 94-97.
pp. 209-217.
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God
adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears
were convinced they heard God promise:
Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable
insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were
12
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4. 28. Barkay, G. (1996). A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem? Israel Exploration and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why? No answer seems to suffice. the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a
increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by
not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma
pp. 209-217. return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua) on earth? Perhaps the “leaders” acted out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of their human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those

Journal 46(1/2). pp. 23-43.
Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv,
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
9
leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only
the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each
and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why? No answer seems to suffice.
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a 29. Barkay, G., & Vaughn, A. (1996). New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions. ethnicity and religion. who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35.
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those
In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what
Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv, warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God Perhaps the “leaders” acted out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of their suffer:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304. pp. 29-54.
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy
on earth?
9
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been
ethnicity and religion.
return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua)
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35. 30. Barkay, G. (1996). A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish. Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82. There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128.

pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy 13 31. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A. G. (1996). "Lmlk" and Official Seal Impressions from Tel Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This suffer: The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the
8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9,
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.).
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unexpectedly, before each of us.
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128. In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath,
*
Lachish. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 23,1 (1996) 61-74.
2. pp. 14-19.
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been

[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation

8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9, 32. Barkay, G. (1997). Politics - Not Religious Law - Rules Ultra-Orthodox Demonstrators. Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath,
that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New

2. pp. 14-19. everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.). Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in in the fire of the dark region.
Biblical Archaeology Review 23(6). pp. 56-57, 77. pectedly, before each of us.
13
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unex
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43.
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
6
9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New 33. Barkay, G. (1998). A Signet Ring of Alexander. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha [1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
15
in the fire of the dark region.

[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]
million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in

10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43. is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have [1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There
a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
6

Archaeological Society 16. pp. 65-69.
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57.
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology 34. Deutsch, R., Barkay, G. (1999). A Storage-Jar Handle with Two Hebrew Personal Seal been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
15

Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical
10
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57. 14 is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. The
been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
Impressions. in: Deutsch, R. (Ed.). West Semitic Epigraphic News of the First Millenium
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39.
7
10
invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. The
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, progress of the human? wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, led
called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all
in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we -
BCE. Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center. pp. 81-85.
12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39. that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I 35. Sinibaldi, M., Goodfriend, G. A., Barkay, G., Marchese, S. and Gil-av, E. (1999). Aspartic rhaps progress of the human? to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus.
It should now be undeniable
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
7
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
14
wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, led
within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and pe
Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm

12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we - In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus.
dream.
Acid Racemization in Teeth from Ketef Hinnom, a Late Holocene Burial Cave in
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land
It should now be undeniable that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I
and disagreement; that colleague

Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50. obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and perhaps In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to
Jerusalem: Evidence for Reuse. Geoarchaeology 14. pp. 441–454.

and Nature 13. pp. 123-129.
dream.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm
suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land 36. Avigad, N., Barkay, G. (2000). The "LMLK" and Related Seal Impressions. in: Geva, H. is not What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to
Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration
and disagreement; that colleague obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these
behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which

and Nature 13. pp. 123-129. enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203.
(Ed.). Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman is not
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
Just as the foregoing words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It Do We Learn from Our Mistakes? behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which
we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
Avigad, 1969-1982, Vol. 1. pp. 243-266.
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are

15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203. 37. Barkay, G. (2000). What's an Egyptian Temple Doing in Jerusalem? Biblical Archaeology Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? the Land of Israel.
the Land of Israel.
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are
Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically?
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. g words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
Just as the foregoin
15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal For he will reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after How May we Perceive a New Creation?
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth.
reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after
Review 26(3). pp. 48-57.
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
How May we Perceive a New Creation?
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh.
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. 38. Bautch, R., Coblentz Bautch, K., Barkay, G., Guise Sheridan, S. (2000). "The Vessels of Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth. For he will
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241.
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh. ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
the Potter Shall Be Broken": The Material Culture from a Burial Cave at St. Étienne's
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les
wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241. ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced

Monastery, Jerusalem. ŕevue biblique 107. pp. 561-590.
Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45.
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les 39. Barkay, G. & Im, M. (2001). Egyptian Influence on the Painted Human Figures from What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and 8 8 See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
12

18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp.
As usual, I reserve the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the

“very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו השָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God
ָ ָ֔ ָ
Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45. “very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו ה ָ֔שָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological
the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are
12
Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological
Kuntillet 'Ajrud. Tel Aviv 28,2. pp. 288-300
As usual, I reserve
published before 1985. the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
48-50.
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp. 40. Barkay, G., Fantalkin, A., & Tal, O. (2002). A Late Iron Age Fortress North of Jerusalem. especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are
13 published before 1985.
Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p.
19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129.
that in the end his rule will triumph.
13
Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
48-50. See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p. that in the end his rule will triumph. promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them. Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them.
72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 328. pp. 49-72.
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in
Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected

72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129. 41. Barkay, G. (2003). Iron Age II Incised Potsherds and Potters' Marks. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192.
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: V. 2. The Finds from Areas A, Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
9
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192. discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to
W and X-2. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew

Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114.
9

6
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of 15 Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by 6 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. introduction of final forms.
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
15
University of Jerusalem. pp. 50-62.
14
introduction of final forms.
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586
10
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by
14
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114. 42. Barkay, G., Lundberg, M., Vaughn, A., Zuckerman, B., & Zuckerman, K. (2003). The 7 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. 10 Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
Ibid., pp. xv, 3.
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.).
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586 Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of 7 Ibid., pp. xv, 3. in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
Challenges of Ketef Hinnom. Near Eastern Archaeology 66(4). pp. 162-171. ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.). Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
8 XXIII 4