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ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀν
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, June-July 1990. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & αγγε.
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY

John 16:13).
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine, suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 106-109.
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY

optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt 23. Barkay, G. (1994). Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient
*
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of 1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary the Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 85-106.
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars
First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184.
and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated 1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary 24. Barkay, G. (1994). A Second "Governor of the City" Bulla. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews
ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε.
and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate,
will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184. Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 141-144.*
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
John 16:13).
or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt
optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the
suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life.
8
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57.
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945)
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem. 2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate, 25. Barkay, G., Kloner, A., Mazar, A. (1994). The Northern Necropolis of Jerusalem During
debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of
like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia,

and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated 3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
the First Temple Period. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes the
Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and
Exploration Society. pp. 119-127.*
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57. for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
Journal 26. pp. 57-58.
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors

8
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem. 3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration 26. Barkay, G. (1995). The King of Babylonia or a Judaean Official? Israel Exploration
12
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
were convinced they heard God promise:
Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were Journal 26. pp. 57-58. like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia,
Journal 45(1). pp. 41-47.
Journal 27. pp. 119-120.
Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable

increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite 4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration 27. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A.G. (1995). An Official Seal Impression from Lachish
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4.
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in Journal 27. pp. 119-120. leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
pp. 209-217.
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why? No answer seems to suffice. the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each 5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4. Reconsidered. Tel Aviv 22,1. pp. 94-97.
warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God
adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears
Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable
12
insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were
were convinced they heard God promise:
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a
Perhaps the “leaders” acted out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of their human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those pp. 209-217. return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua) 28. Barkay, G. (1996). A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem? Israel Exploration
on earth?
not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma
increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by

Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv,
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
9
ethnicity and religion. who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally 6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a Journal 46(1/2). pp. 23-43.
leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only
and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s Witnesses? Why? No answer seems to suffice.
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35.
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
Perhaps the “leaders” acted out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of their suffer: Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv, 29. Barkay, G., & Vaughn, A. (1996). New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions.
human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those
warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God
In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been
There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally 14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304. pp. 29-54.
9
on earth?
ethnicity and religion.
return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua)
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128.

pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This suffer: The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the 7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy 30. Barkay, G. (1996). A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish. Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82.
that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9,
There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath, Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128. 13 31. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A. G. (1996). "Lmlk" and Official Seal Impressions from Tel
In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.).
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unexpectedly, before each of us.
*
2. pp. 14-19.
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the 8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9, Lachish. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 23,1 (1996) 61-74.
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been

capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation

was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath, 9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New 32. Barkay, G. (1997). Politics - Not Religious Law - Rules Ultra-Orthodox Demonstrators.
that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
in the fire of the dark region.

million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in
13
Biblical Archaeology Review 23(6). pp. 56-57, 77. pectedly, before each of us.
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unex
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation 2. pp. 14-19. everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.). Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43.
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
6
a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha [1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17] 9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
15

[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]
million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in
in the fire of the dark region.

10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have [1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17] Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43. 33. Barkay, G. (1998). A Signet Ring of Alexander. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel
6
a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There
is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we

Archaeological Society 16. pp. 65-69.
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57.
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest, 10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology 34. Deutsch, R., Barkay, G. (1999). A Storage-Jar Handle with Two Hebrew Personal Seal
15

Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical
10
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. The Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57. 14 is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we
John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39.
7
progress of the human? wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, led 11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical Impressions. in: Deutsch, R. (Ed.). West Semitic Epigraphic News of the First Millenium
dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,
10
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all
invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. The
in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we -
BCE. Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center. pp. 81-85.
12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical
It should now be undeniable
progress of the human? to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus. Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39. that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I 35. Sinibaldi, M., Goodfriend, G. A., Barkay, G., Marchese, S. and Gil-av, E. (1999). Aspartic rhaps
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
7
wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, led
14
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and pe
Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm
In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus. 12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we -

Acid Racemization in Teeth from Ketef Hinnom, a Late Holocene Burial Cave in
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land
In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50. obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these dream.
It should now be undeniable that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I
within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and perhaps
and disagreement; that colleague

and Nature 13. pp. 123-129.

What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to 13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land Jerusalem: Evidence for Reuse. Geoarchaeology 14. pp. 441–454.
dream.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm
suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration

What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were and Nature 13. pp. 123-129. 36. Avigad, N., Barkay, G. (2000). The "LMLK" and Related Seal Impressions. in: Geva, H. is not
and disagreement; that colleague obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these
behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which

Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
(Ed.). Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman is not
Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes? behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203. enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
Just as the foregoing words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in 14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration
Avigad, 1969-1982, Vol. 1. pp. 243-266.

Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in 15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? the Land of Israel. Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203. 37. Barkay, G. (2000). What's an Egyptian Temple Doing in Jerusalem? Biblical Archaeology
the Land of Israel.
Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically?
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are
Just as the foregoin
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. g words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth.
How May we Perceive a New Creation? 15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal For he will reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after
How May we Perceive a New Creation?
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
Review 26(3). pp. 48-57.
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh.
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which 40(2/3). pp. 124-129. 38. Bautch, R., Coblentz Bautch, K., Barkay, G., Guise Sheridan, S. (2000). "The Vessels of
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth. For he will
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241.
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש) 16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh. ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the
and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
the Potter Shall Be Broken": The Material Culture from a Burial Cave at St. Étienne's
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les
wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241. ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ

Monastery, Jerusalem. ŕevue biblique 107. pp. 561-590.
Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45.
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and 8 8 See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the 17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les 39. Barkay, G. & Im, M. (2001). Egyptian Influence on the Painted Human Figures from
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
12

18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp.
As usual, I reserve the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the

ָ ָָ֔

“very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו השָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God
the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45. “very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו ה ָ֔שָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God
the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are
12
published before 1985. the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
Kuntillet 'Ajrud. Tel Aviv 28,2. pp. 288-300
Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological
As usual, I reserve
48-50.
especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical 18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp. could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
13 published before 1985.
especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are
Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p.
19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129.
that in the end his rule will triumph.
that in the end his rule will triumph.
promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them. Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with 48-50. See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p. 40. Barkay, G., Fantalkin, A., & Tal, O. (2002). A Late Iron Age Fortress North of Jerusalem.
13
Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them.
72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in

Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected 19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 328. pp. 49-72.

72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected
Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea 41. Barkay, G. (2003). Iron Age II Incised Potsherds and Potters' Marks. in: Geva, H. (Ed.).
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192.
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected 20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of
discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades. Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: V. 2. The Finds from Areas A,
9
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the

9 introduction of final forms. Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to W and X-2. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew

Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114.
6
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
15
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
6 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. introduction of final forms. 21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of 15 Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by
14
University of Jerusalem. pp. 50-62.
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
10
Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
14
Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
7 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. 10 Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114. 42. Barkay, G., Lundberg, M., Vaughn, A., Zuckerman, B., & Zuckerman, K. (2003). The
Ibid., pp. xv, 3.
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.).
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
7 Ibid., pp. xv, 3. in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area. 22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586 Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of
Challenges of Ketef Hinnom. Near Eastern Archaeology 66(4). pp. 162-171. ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.). Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
5 XXII 9

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representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
And the leopard with the young goat shall lie down.
Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, the Apocalypse of Abraham and the vast amounts of If “the angels of God dwell with us” as the author of the History of the Rechabites described, then Researc h (334 ). pp. 41- 7 1. Hill Country.” Israel Exploration Journal 68. Pp 30-49.
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which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
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And a small boy shall lead them.
was the primary message of those who created the luminous Apocalypses and apocalyptic abode. Some Jews in antiquity CE believed that the righteous ones transform and become like the 45. Ba 45. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Late Bronze Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The floor in the dome of the rock based on “picturesque Palestine” illustrations and finds from
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If “the angels of God dwell with us” as the author of the History of the Rechabites described, then
Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, the Apocalypse of Abraham and the vast amounts of
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c
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A
av
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(
1973
l
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)

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nd
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ons
Their young shall lie down together.
of us today? Was it primarily a doomsday message born out of a scorched Land and pulverized expansion of the Testament of Adam, God will eventually deify Adam so that finally he will sit at Claire that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell 64. Ludvik, G. E., Kenoyer J. M., Cohen-Klonymus, H., Barkay G., and Dvira, Z. (2022)
our destiny is affirmed and we will dwell with the angels and enjoy with them an eternal blessed
apocalyptic texts like the original Jewish core of The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. What
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
ti
y
ons i
rsit
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ha
-
a
e
c
. pp. 316

olo
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41
e
Ya
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n Ar
c
, T
1.
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in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
And the lion as the ox shall eat straw.
was the primary message of those who created the luminous Apocalypses and apocal
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
abode. Some Jews in antiquity CE believed that the righteous ones transform and become like the
Temple? Or, was it possible for some expectations, not dreams, to rise above all the smoke? yptic God’s right hand. In 1980, in “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an Angel,” I disclosed that in 46. Ba 46. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Iron Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Stone Beads from the Temple Mount, Jerusalem: A relative chronology through high-
(
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And the nursing child shall play over the hole of the cobra.
some early apocalyptic texts the righteous ones become like the angels. Anthropology transforms
compositions? What important messages did these authors bequeath to the first readers and to each angels. According to some early Jewish or Christian texts, Adam is an angel. Moreover, in the Renew were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum. ( 1973 - 1994 ) II . Te l Av iv: Eme r y a n d resolution studies of bead technology. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14
outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) II. Tel Aviv: Emery and
ologi
c
c
e
d Ar
hae
v
a
ons
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of us today? Was it primarily a doomsday message born out of a scorched Land and pulverized into angelology. Claire even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening (6): 115
Is Apocalypticism a Groundless Egocentric Hope?
expansion of the Testament of Adam, God will eventually deify Adam so that finally he will sit at
And the weaned child shall put its hand on the viper’s den.
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. pp. 411
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Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 411-503.
ss P
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
Temple? Or, was it possible for some expectations, not dreams, to rise above all the smoke? God’s right hand. In 1980, in “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an Angel,” I disclosed that in 47. Ba 47. Barkay, G. (2004). A Balance Beam. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological 65. Van der Veen, P. G., Deutsch, R., & Barkay, G. (2016). Reconsidering the authenticity of
We begin by recognizing that apocalyptic perspectives have occasionally misled our ancestors
They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain,

T
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4
with unfounded hopes and led to massive disasters. Among them are the ancient attempts to force some early apocalyptic texts the righteous ones become like the angels. Anthropology transforms in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others For the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD (הָָ֔והְי),
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
This apocalyptic expectation should be able to unite us as Benjamin Franklin (c. 1706-1790)
V
(1973
1994
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-
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Aviv: 11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Is Apocalypticism a Groundless Egocentric Hope? into angelology. Excav Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in the Berekhyahu Bullae: a rejoinder.
are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including
speculated: It is impossible to imagine the height to which science may be carried in the future.
God to obey human wishes. Unsubstantiated dreams may have led to the belief that the Assyrians
As the waters cover the sea.
. pp. 2084
,
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2088.
e
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l Aviv U
We begin by recognizing that apocalyptic perspectives have occasionally misled our ancestors Archa Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 2084-2088. 66. Dvira, Z., & Barkay, G. (2021). Clay Sealings from the Temple Mount and Their Use in

and Babylonians could not conquer God’s Land and City. The failed perspectives also led to the We should always remember how professors and scholars have devoted their lives to clarify that Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
(2004
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ו ָ֔דְחי ֙אי ִּרְמוּ ריִָּ֤פְכוּ לֶג ֨עְו ץָּ֑ב ְרי יִּ֣דְג־םִּע רָּ֖ מנְו שֶׂב ָ֔כּ־םִּע ֙ב אז רָָ֤גְו
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ִּ
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five
with unfounded hopes and led to massive disasters. Among them are the ancient attempts to force This apocalyptic expectation should be able to unite us as Benjamin Franklin (c. 1706-1790) 48. Ba 48. Barkay, G., Vaughn, A.G. (2004). The Royal and Official Seal Impressions from Lachish. the Temple and Royal Treasuries. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 2: 41–75. ָ ֶ ְ

collapse of the Hasmonean dynasty with the crucifiction of 500 Pharisees by Alexander Jannaeus; our present and future life becomes better if we know the past and are stimulated by the uplifting In: Ussishki n, D. (E d.). T he Re ne w e d Ar c hae olo gical Ex c av ati ons at L ac h ish ( 1973 - 1994 ) 67. Barkay, G., and Deutsch, R. (2022). An Additional Fiscal Bulla from the City of David.
In: Ussishkin, D. (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994)
speculated: It is impossible to imagine the height to which science may be carried in the future.
God to obey human wishes. Unsubstantiated dreams may have led to the belief that the Assyrians
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
ַּ
ֹ

ִּ

ָ

ֶ
ַֽ
ַּ

ֹ
the invitation to Pompeii to “invade” Jerusalem and desecrate the Holy of Holies; the belief that apocalyptic visions of those who composed the masterpieces in the Bible, the Apocrypha, the IV. Te are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including Epigraphy, iconography, and the Bible: 77-83. ׃ןֶבַֽ ֶת־לַּכאי ר ֵָּ֥קָבַּכּ הָּ֖ י ְראְַו ןֶּ֑הי דְלי וּ ֣ צְב ְרי וָָּ֖דְחי הני ָ֔ע ְרִּת ֙בדָו ה ָָ֤רָפוּ
c
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P
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IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
laire
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Aviv Unive
,
Te
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rsit
Aviv:
.
n
olog
and Babylonians could not conquer God’s Land and City. The failed perspectives also led to the
We should always remember how professors and scholars have devoted their lives to clarify that
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
Herod had only good intentions; the horrifying carnage of the Zealots and Sicari before 70; and Qumran Scrolls, and the Pseudepigrapha. Now, I wish to applaud all my colleagues who devote pp. 2148- 2173. pp. 17- 50Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome? 68. Shaham, H., Dvira, Z. Barkay, G (2023). Two Noteworthy Byzantine Weights from
collapse of the Hasmonean dynasty with the crucifiction of 500 Pharisees by Alexander Jannaeus;
our present and future life becomes better if we know the past and are stimulated by the uplifting
pp. 2148-2173. pp. 17-50.
Yodefat (Jotapata),
.

ַֽ
֙
ִּ
ָ

׃ה ָדָה ו ֵּ֥ ֹ די לוּ ָּ֖ מָג י ָ֔נוֹעְפִּצ ת ַּ֣רוּאְמ לַּעְו ןֶתָּ֑פ ר֣ ח־לַּע קָּ֖ נוֹי עֵַּּ֥שֲעַֽ ִּשְו

do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
the final disaster committed as a result of the revolt led by Simeon bar Kosba (Bar Kokhba), "the their lives to learning so as to empower students for improving the values in our world – and I add, 49. Ba 49. Barkay, G. (2005). Iron II Seal Impression. in: Master, D.M. (Ed.) Dothan I: Remains from Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, Israel Numismatics Research 18: 141-152.
the invitation to Pompeii to “invade” Jerusalem and desecrate the Holy of Holies; the belief that
apocalyptic visions of those who composed the masterpieces in the Bible, the Apocrypha, the
).
ster
d.)
rk
(E
, G.
a
Ma
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mains from
on. in:
Re
, D.M.
ssi
:
Dothan I
S
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ron
(2005
I
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II
I
a
l
ַֽ
ִּ

פ ׃םיַֽ ִּסַּכְמ םֵָּ֥יַּל םיַָּּ֖מַּכּ הָ֔והי־תֶא ֙הָע ד ץ ֶר ָ֗אָה הָ֣אְלָמ־יִּכּ י ִּּ֑ שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכְב וּתיִָּּ֖חְשַּי־א

ָ
ָ

ְ
ַֽלְֹו וּע ֵּ֥ רי־אַֽלֹ
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Son of the Star" (אָבְכוֹכּ רַּב ד ֶרֶמ) that lasted from 132-135 CE. Archeological excavations in Jotapta, preserving freedom of expression and the good life. the Tell ( 1953- 1964 ) . W inona L a ke , I nd .: Eisenbr a uns. pp. 171 - 172. 69. Amitai-Preiss, N. Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). An Early Muslim Period Clay ָ
Qumran Scrolls, and the Pseudepigrapha. Now, I wish to applaud all my colleagues who devote
Herod had only good intentions; the horrifying carnage of the Zealots and Sicari before 70; and
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
the Tell (1953-1964). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171-172.
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
the final disaster committed as a result of the revolt led by Simeon bar Kosba (Bar Kokhba), "the their lives to learning so as to empower students for improving the values in our world – and I add, 50. Ba 50. Barkay, G. (2005). An Iron Age Stone Weight and Persian and Hellenistic Seal Sealing from the Temple Mount, Israel Exploration Journal.
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
Migdal, Jericho, Qumran, Jerusalem, and Masada, have provided proof of how acropolises
A
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S
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ht
, G.
e
).
nd
ge
a
ig
nd P
I
This passage may be the oldest apocalyptic vision of future bliss in our sacred literatures.
do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
Son of the Star" (אָבְכוֹכּ רַּב ד ֶרֶמ) that lasted from 132-135 CE. Archeological excavations in Jotapta, preserving freedom of expression and the good life. Impre scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac 70. Snyder, F., Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). The Stones that the Salvagers
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism?
collapsed into ashes. Excessive zeal, fueled by apocalyptic self-prophecies, also led more recently
Impressions. in: Arubas, B., Goldfus, H. (Ed.). Excavations on the Site of the Jerusalem

Ex
of
ati
av
the J

the Sit
rusal
m
e
ons
on
e
e
c
uba
B
d.).
(E
ssi
s,
ons.
us,
in:
., Goldf
Ar
H.
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Migdal, Jericho, Qumran, Jerusalem, and Masada, have provided proof of how acropolises What do I have to share with colleagues after over 50 years of research and teaching that has been Internat ional C onv e nti on C e nter ( Biny an e i Ha' um a) . P ortsmout h , R hode I s land : J ourna l of Rejected: How Understanding the Commercial Salvaging of Herodian Opus Sectile Tiles
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
to the massive suicides in Guyana at Jonestown in 1978 and the duped individuals who believed
International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha'uma). Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
collapsed into ashes. Excessive zeal, fueled by apocalyptic self-prophecies, also led more recently What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? 5 Roman A rc ha e olog y . pp. 25 - 28. The author of Revelation foresaw heaven descending to earth and defining Jerusalem as the Holy
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
in Heaven’s Gate in 1997.
focused on apocalyptic thought and action in Early Judaism and earliest Christianity? Before
Aided in Reconstructing the Floor Patterns Used on the Temple Mount. Mendel-
Roman Archaeology. pp. 25-28.
to the massive suicides in Guyana at Jonestown in 1978 and the duped individuals who believed What do I have to share with colleagues after over 50 years of research and teaching that has been scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac City. No Temple is described; perhaps the author is prophesying that no one will need to seek to
rk teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
in Heaven’s Gate in 1997. beginning, we should recognize that we are dealing with Apocalypses and also with apocalyptic 51. Ba 51. Barkay, G. (2006). Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?: The Tantalizing Possibilities of Ramat Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International Conference on
P
The
it
a
of
?

Ta
:
b
ortr
R
P
ossi
lac
a
mat
l
, G.
ing
y
ies
y
a
it
y
o
).
il
o
, R
P
a
R
e
a
ntaliz
a
(2006
l
focused on apocalyptic thought and action in Early Judaism and earliest Christianity? Before
5
The Hope Supplied by Insightful Apocalypses movements and actions. We have visions of near-perfect human societies like Thomas More’s Raḥel. Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to reach God in heaven. God will dwell among the faithful as he had in the very beginnings and all
e
New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022. Jerusalem.
iew
ical Arc
ology R
34
). pp.
Raḥel. Biblical Archaeology Review 32(5). pp. 34-44.
44.
-
Bibl
32(5

v
hae
beginning, we should recognize that we are dealing with Apocalypses and also with apocalyptic

the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
humans will relax with him in a pleasant abode.
, G. Everything that is hateful to you,
rk
Bibl
ical

Recognizing the insanity of those who fostered such monstrous recent apocalyptic scenarios, Utopia of 1516; it envisioned an ideal world, like the ones described in the early Jewish 52. Ba 52. Barkay, G. (2007). Is A Piece Of Herod'S Temple In St. Paul'S Cathedral? Biblical 71. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, (forthcoming). The Eastern Area of the Temple Mount:
I
e
S
y
e
ul
e
S
Of
I

t.
a
e
mpl
iec
P
P
'
rod
l?
C
T
'
thedr
s
A
(2007

a
).
a

n S
a
H
movements and actions. We have visions of near-perfect human societies like Thomas More’s
The Hope Supplied by Insightful Apocalypses
teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):

ology R You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
6). pp
-
iew.
66.

v
. 63
e
enables all of us to appreciate the uplifting benefit of ancient apocalypses that “promise” future apocalypses. If we cease pouring all wealth into preparation for a war that could annihilate all of Archae Archaeology Review. 33(6). pp. 63-66. Topography and Site Formation Processes that Took Place in the Last Millennium.
33(

Utopia of 1516; it envisioned an ideal world, like the ones described in the early Jewish
Recognizing the insanity of those who fostered such monstrous recent apocalyptic scenarios,
What a dream that would be for those sweltering today like those suffering the wildfires on Maui
c
rk
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
y
i
ha
l Ex
e
w Enc
c
olog
a

Hol

c
a
in
ti
a
ons
dia
Ar
G. (2009
the
of
blessings. They constitute the positive hopes of antiquity. Jews and Christians were able to endure us, then we can work together, and have virtually unlimited wealth to help those who are destitute, 53. Ba 53. Barkay, G. (2009). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Mendel-Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International
lop

c
y
).
e
,
The
Ne
y
va

Everything that is hateful to you,
apocalypses. If we cease pouring all wealth into preparation for a war that could annihilate all of
enables all of us to appreciate the uplifting benefit of ancient apocalypses that “promise” future

and all who under the sun are being chocked by hot winds; then again, the descendants of Adam
n.
E.
Israe
Ex
V
Volume
l
ti
ntar

.
pp
pp.
59(2)
y
leme
5. S
plora

on J
y
b
urnal
u
S
murders, like the seven sons and mother described in 2 Maccabees 7 [probably a literary creation hungry, and lost. And the future would be assured and full only of blessings. If that continues to Land, Land, Vol. 5. Supplementary Volume by E. Stern. Israel Exploration Journal 59(2). pp. Conference on New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022.
ter
o
blessings. They constitute the positive hopes of antiquity. Jews and Christians were able to endure
ol. You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
us, then we can work together, and have virtually unlimited wealth to help those who are destitute,
would walk with the Creator in the coolness that defines the evening.
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend

248-251. [SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
murders, like the seven sons and mother described in 2 Maccabees 7 [probably a literary creation hungry, and lost. And the future would be assured and full only of blessings. If that continues to 248-251. Jerusalem.
that mirrored reality], and the annihilation of Early Jews from 30 to 70 and again in 132-135 in
be a faint hope, are there only dreams and visions of a perfect life here or there?

that mirrored reality], and the annihilation of Early Jews from 30 to 70 and again in 132-135 in be a faint hope, are there only dreams and visions of a perfect life here or there? 54. Ba 54. Barkay, G. (2009). The Riches of Ketef Hinnom. Biblical Archaeology Review. 35(4/5). 72. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, The Temple Mount Sifting Project – Fourth Preliminary Report –
rk the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
Bibl
ology
ical Arc
iew
v
a
hae
Re
R
e
e
). Th
of Ke

G.
t
iche
s
f Hinnom
y

. 35(4/5)
.
.
,
(2009
ancient Palestine. Apocalypses spring out of the hearts of Jews and Christians who could not accept

As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
ancient Palestine. Apocalypses spring out of the hearts of Jews and Christians who could not accept Unfortunately, the ancient authors also produced apocalypses that are dystopias (δυσ, “bad,” pp. 23- that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave Thanks to the preservation of the literature in the biblical documents, among the Dead Sea Scrolls,
The Prevalent Finds, Forthcoming.
126.
-
35; 122
pp. 23-35; 122-126.
that they had been abandoned by “the Creator of the World” (ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης; 2Mac 7:23).
that they had been abandoned by “the Creator of the World” (ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης; 2Mac 7:23). Unfortunately, the ancient authors also produced apocalypses that are dystopias (δυσ, “bad,” 55. Eshe behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs? S it e s in 73. R. Deutsch, A. Lemaire, G. Barkay, P.G. van der Veen and D. Itzhak, The Bulla of
and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old and New Testaments (as well as some so-called
the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
oins
oman
l,
55. Eshel, H., Zissu, B., Barkay, G. (2011). Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in
fr
om
ka
y
R

u, B
.,
r
S

).
tee
n B
a
r
ix
Z
(2011
Kokhba
H.,
iss
B
a
G.
C
,

and τόπος, “place”); that is compositions full of horrifying expectations. For example, the
That comfort is especially true when fears, disappointments, wars, inexplicable hardships, or self- and τόπος, “place”); that is compositions full of horrifying expectations. For example, the Europe that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave patristic texts and Syriac manuscripts) we may read about heaven on earth and wonderful abodes

Europe. Israel Numismatic Journal 17. pp. 91-97.
J
Israe
c
17. pp. 91-
umismat
l N
“Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An Embarrassing Forgery (in the present Festschrift).
i
ournal
.
97.
unthinkable future was imagined by the author of 2 Enoch in Recension J:
That comfort is especially true when fears, disappointments, wars, inexplicable hardships, or self- unthinkable future was imagined by the author of 2 Enoch in Recension J: behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
s
rk Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
a
Da
ical
B
of
Tomb

W
?
, G.
(2013
).
hter
the
s
ug
a
h
Bibl
ra
y
ha
o W
P
urie
d in
oh
'
doubts might otherwise distort vision. Collectively, the pre-150 CE apocalyptists urge us not to 56. Ba 56. Barkay, G. (2013). Who Was Buried in the Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter? Biblical in one of the heavens. In the Essene Thanksgiving Hymns, the Righteous Teacher imagines God is
doubts might otherwise distort vision. Collectively, the pre-150 CE apocalyptists urge us not to

a
ology R
e
iew
v
Archaeology Review. 39(1). pp. 40-49.
49.

-
. 40
1). pp
. 39(
look horizontally but vertically. From literary sources, often recovered recently, and from focused And I [Enoch] saw all those from the age of my ancestors, with Adam and Eve. Archae blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past helping him plant the renewed Garden of Eden. See especially 1QH 16 (Sukenik 8); in this column
And I [Enoch] saw all those from the age of my ancestors, with Adam and Eve.
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
look horizontally but vertically. From literary sources, often recovered recently, and from focused
.)s the overflowing
: ינודא for placing him
-
Ta
x
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).
ude
(2015
J
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a
A F
the
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rk and sacra scriptura?
of
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Kingdom

, G.
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Evide

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.תוריתל רפסה תיב

archaeological research, it seems that there always has been an experienced discord on earth and And I sighed and burst into tears. And I said concerning their disreputable depravity, “Oh 57. Ba 57. Barkay, G. (2015). Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom - A Fiscal and the following one, the Righteous Teacher praises םילשורי .םילשוריב ןויצ רה“a 1964 ( .ג ,יאקרב 1 .
archaeological research, it seems that there always has been an experienced discord on earth and
And I sighed and burst into tears. And I said concerning their disreputable depravity, “Oh
blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
a
ull

e
. in:
B
o
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Mount
lopes
f
the S
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of
P
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2 .
ז"כשת .יאקרב 'ג :ךרוע ,הדוהי רבדמ תוליגמ

רסולפ 'ד
rom
imagined harmony in the blessed heaven. From the beginnings of our culture, the apocalyptists how miserable for me is my incapacity and that of my ancestors! And I thought in my heart Bulla Bulla from the Slopes of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae. in: spring” in a parched land and as the Irrigator of the Garden (יקשמו ןג). How is that possible? In line
how miserable for me is my incapacity and that of my ancestors! And I thought in my heart
and sacra scriptura?
imagined harmony in the blessed heaven. From the beginnings of our culture, the apocalyptists
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
Lubetski, M., Lubetski, E. (Eds.). Recording new epigraphic evidence: essays in honor of
64-
'מע .

3 .
5
לארשיל תיטמסימונה הרבחה ןולע
.ןיסירפק ,סימאלסמ יאני רדנסכלא לש עבטמ .)
1973
( .ג ,יאקרב
have elevated human life with present dreams and teleological blessings. Many of us, not only

and I said: ‘How blessed is the person who has not been born ….’”

have elevated human life with present dreams and teleological blessings. Many of us, not only and I said: ‘How blessed is the person who has not been born ….’” Lubetski , M., L ube tski , E. (E ds.). Re c ordi ng ne w e pigra phic e v iden c e : e s say s in honor of 16.17, we read: םשג הרויכ יפב התמש ילא התאו. God has placed in the mouth of the Teacher water like
Robert Deutsch. Jerusalem. Pp 17-50.
Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
Jews and Christians, share the dream that God’s kingdom will come on earth and God again will
Jews and Christians, share the dream that God’s kingdom will come on earth and God again will [2En 41:1-2; Andersen in OTP 1.166] Robert De utsch . J e rusa le m. P p 17 - 50. gentle rain. . 65
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
[2En 41:1-2; Andersen in OTP 1.166]

I
s, O.,
re
L
F
Thr
ipschit
, G.
Ga
ds.).
dot,
6).
mpre
I
n:
u
e
ons.
. (E
Y.,
a
d,
e
L
S
tamp
ssi
(201
y

foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
rk Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
dwell with his creatures. Then, as once imagined, we may all walk about with the LORD God, 58. Ba 58. Barkay, G. (2016). Three Stamp Impressions. In: Lipschits, O., Gadot, Y., Freud, L. (Eds.). .ו תוינומדק .ןשבה ןופצב םייגולואיכרא םידירש .) 1974 ( .ע ,רנולק ,.ע ,רזמ ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.צ ,ןליא ,.ד ,ןמרוא 4 .
dwell with his creatures. Then, as once imagined, we may all walk about with the LORD God,
.
Ex
ִּ
ְ
after a blistering and depleting day, in the cool breeze of the evening ( םיִִּ֛הלֱֹא הָָ֧והי לוֹ ֨ק־תֶא וּ ֞עְמְשי ַּו ַֽ ַֽ Ramat foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s Enoch who had “walked with God” is ultimately hailed celestially as “that Son of Ma 85-90 'מע
Raḥe
19
Final
on of
s
II
-
I
ati

av
54, 1959
ons
:
1962
c
ohanan Aharoni'
c
l
Ramat-Raḥel III: Final Publication of Yohanan Aharoni's Excavations (1954, 1959-1962).
-
)
Y
ati
.n.” An angel
(
Publi

hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy
ִּ
ְ
after a blistering and depleting day, in the cool breeze of the evening ( םיִִּ֛הלֱֹא הָָ֧והי לוֹ ֨ק־תֶא וּ ֞עְמְשיַּו
a
I
םוֹּ֑יַּה ַּחוּ ֣ רְל ןָָּ֖גַּב ךְֵּ֥ לַּהְתִּמ; Gen 3:8). Winona L aIn that blessed future there will be permanent C laire Ya ss P ubli“on all (God’s) promises Enoch, that he is “that Son of Man,” who brings peace that will last forever (1En 71:14 5 .-
e
Eisenbr
l Aviv
Eme
Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns; Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in holy
hole.
ndand perfect peace
uns

,
ons
:
in
T
ndiana

a
:
;
r
ti
ke

c
y
a

.ןשבה ןופצב רבע ידירש .)
ץראו עבט
( .ע ,רנולק ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.ד ,ןמרוא ,.ע ,רזמ ,.צ ,ןליא

'מע .ז"ט
1974
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
םוֹּ֑יַּה ַּחוּ ֣ רְל ןָָּ֖גַּב ךְֵּ֥ לַּהְתִּמ; Gen 3:8).
Archa mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9: 17). . 162-167

704.
l Aviv U
sit
niver
e
. pp. 730
-

Te
y
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 730-704.
olog
y
,
4 4 Charlesworth, “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an angel,” in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and

a
e
e
on
T
rk

nd
Dvir
mpl
T
he
.
, Z
y
ount
Sif
a
ti
. (2015
t: An Introduc
M
).

ng
a
ti
, G.
Projec
Charlesworth, “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an angel,” in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and
And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.

Paradigms, edited by J.J. Collins and G.W.E. Nickelsburg. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12. (Chico, CA: Scholars 59. Ba 59. Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2015). The Temple Mount Sifting Project: An Introduction. 'מע .'ח תוינומדק .ןושאר - תיב ימיב םילשורי לש ינופצה תורבקה - תיב .) 1975 ( .ע ,רנולק .ע ,רזמ .ג ,יאקרב 6 .

oun

lem.
e
olo
rusa
y
. J
on
Israel Archaeology Foundation. Jerusalem.
g
F
ti
da
71-76
.
Paradigms, edited by J.J. Collins and G.W.E. Nickelsburg. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12. (Chico, CA: Scholars Israel A rc ha e And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together. Other Jews, anticipate the appearance of “the Messiah … from the posterity of David,” who “will
Press, 1980) pp. 135-51.

Press, 1980) pp. 135-51. 60. Ba 60. Barkay, G. & Dvira, Z. (2016). Relics in Rubble: The Temple Mount Sifting Project. deliver in mercy the remnant of my people, those who have been saved throughout my borders,
5
(2016
c
ifting
y
roje
t.
Mount
c
e
P
Z
&
li
rk
a
.

,

Te
mpl
).
R
e
ubble: The
, G.
S
s
a
R
in
Dvir
( .ג ,יאקרב
-
For more, see Charlesworth, “Fifty Years of Research on Apocalyptic Perspectives Preserved in the Old Testament
1976
תב לבוי לגרל ;היגולואיכראה יארב םי־תב .)
הדסונ ,םי
manuscripts of this pseudepigraphon. See Geller’s “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch: Text and Context,” in Beyond
1926
.

7 .
ץראה תעידיב םינויע :םיפונ

11
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
For more, see Charlesworth, “Fifty Years of Research on Apocalyptic Perspectives Preserved in the Old Testament
11
manuscripts of this pseudepigraphon. See Geller’s “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch: Text and Context,” in Beyond 5 Pseudepigrapha” in the proceedings of the Munich congress, to be edited by L.T. Stuckenbruck. A full bibliography Biblical Arc hae ology R e v iew . 42(6 ). pp. 44- 64. and he will make them joyful until the end comes, …” (4Ezra 12:32-34; Metzger in OTP 1). This
the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Professor Geller sent me a prepublication copy. The earliest text for 2 Enoch dates to
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 44-64.
5
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
.
65-70
'מע .
1073. is found in that publication. convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Professor Geller sent me a prepublication copy. The earliest text for 2 Enoch dates to
Pseudepigrapha” in the proceedings of the Munich congress, to be edited by L.T. Stuckenbruck. A full bibliography
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
.
mpl
ook
e
rka
L
de
e
a
y
L
, G.,
e
B
Dvira
t
a
W
F
).
h
.,
d
y
Te
the
. (2016
,
Z
ik
Mount
&
r, F

loor
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
1073. is found in that publication. 61. Sn 61. Snyder, F., Barkay, G., & Dvira, Z. (2016). What the Temple Mount Floor Looked Like.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
Biblical Arc hae ology R e v iew . 42(6 ). pp. 56- 59.
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 56-59.

3 XXIV 7