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43. Ba 43. Barkay, G., Lundberg, M., Vaughn, A., & Zuckerman, B. (2004). The Amulets from Ketef 62. McKinny, C., Schwartz, O, Barkay, G., Fantalkin, A., and Zissu, B. (2018). “Kiriath-
g
Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Hinnom: A Ne w Editi o n an d Eva luation. Bullet in of the Am e rican Sc hools of Orie ntal Jearim (Deir el-‘Azhar): Archaeological Investigations of a Biblical Town in the Judean
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
And the leopard with the young goat shall lie down.

Research (334). pp. 41-71.
Researc h (334 ). pp. 41- 7 1. Hill Country.” Israel Exploration Journal 68. Pp 30-49.
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
And the calf and the young lion and the fattened-animal together.
ology R
a
.
44. Ba 44. Barkay, G. (2003). Mounds of Mystery. Biblical Archaeology Review 29(3) 32-39. 63. Snyder, F., Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2019). Reconstruction of a Crusader “opus sectile”
39.
e
hae
y
rk
32
, G. (
2003
29(3)
Bibl
ds of M
ste
y
). Moun
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y
r
ical Arc
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v
outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
And a small boy shall lead them.
(
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.
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Ussishki
.
).
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45. Ba 45. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Late Bronze Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The floor in the dome of the rock based on “picturesque Palestine” illustrations and finds from
y
, G.,
e
The
a
d.)
I
even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening

And the cow and the bear shall graze [together],
e
viv:
ons
hae
A
at
.
Te
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)
r
L
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ac
Renew Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) I,2. Tel Aviv: Emery and the Temple Mount sifting project. Exploring the Holy Land 150. pp. 81-98.
a
y
Eme

-
d Ar
(
1994
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1973
ologi
Ex
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that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
Their young shall lie down together.
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, T
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Claire representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70, 64. Ludvik, G. E., Kenoyer J. M., Cohen-Klonymus, H., Barkay G., and Dvira, Z. (2022)
ubli
. pp. 316
1.
Ya
rsit
g
n Ar
ti
Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 316-411.
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
And the lion as the ox shall eat straw.
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
D (E

Ussishki
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ron A
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.
). The
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46. Ba 46. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Iron Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Stone Beads from the Temple Mount, Jerusalem: A relative chronology through high-
I
y
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
11
And the nursing child shall play over the hole of the cobra.

Te
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-
1994
hish
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1973
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) II
.

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L
ati
Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) II. Tel Aviv: Emery and
a
d
c
r
Renew outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other, resolution studies of bead technology. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14
al
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And the weaned child shall put its hand on the viper’s den.
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. pp. 411
g
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ions i
3.
, T
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Claire even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening (6): 115
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Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 411-503.
t
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that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five

They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain,
rk
m.
lanc
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47. Ba 47. Barkay, G. (2004). A Balance Beam. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological 65. Van der Veen, P. G., Deutsch, R., & Barkay, G. (2016). Reconsidering the authenticity of
d.).
a
e
,
G.

he
ologi
Arc
a
). A
Re
Ussishki
n,
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n:
hae
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(2004
D (E
T
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B
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c
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
For the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD (הָָ֔והְי),
ons at
1994
Excav centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that the Berekhyahu Bullae: a rejoinder.
ac
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Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in
r
in
Aviv: 11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
As the waters cover the sea.
y
niver
2088.
. pp. 2084
Te
,
sit
l Aviv U
-
y
Archa are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including 66. Dvira, Z., & Barkay, G. (2021). Clay Sealings from the Temple Mount and Their Use in

olog
e
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 2084-2088.

Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
ssi
R
om
L
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ns
fr
l
y
a
y
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I
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(2004
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48. Ba 48. Barkay, G., Vaughn, A.G. (2004). The Royal and Official Seal Impressions from Lachish. the Temple and Royal Treasuries. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 2: 41–75. ָ ֶ ְ
A.

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ָ
ו ָ֔דְחי ֙אי ִּרְמוּ ריִָּ֤פְכוּ לֶג ֨עְו ץָּ֑ב ְרי יִּ֣דְג־םִּע רָּ֖ מנְו שֶׂב ָ֔כּ־םִּע ֙ב אז רָָ֤גְו
ֹ

All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five

In: Ussishki n, D. (E d.). T he Re ne w e d Ar c hae olo gical Ex c av ati ons at L ac h ish ( 1973 - 1994 ) 67. Barkay, G., and Deutsch, R. (2022). An Additional Fiscal Bulla from the City of David.
In: Ussishkin, D. (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994)
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that

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Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
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IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
Aviv Unive
IV. Te are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including Epigraphy, iconography, and the Bible: 77-83. ׃ןֶבַֽ ֶת־לַּכאי ר ֵָּ֥קָבַּכּ הָּ֖ י ְראְַו ןֶּ֑הי דְלי וּ ֣ צְב ְרי וָָּ֖דְחי הני ָ֔ע ְרִּת ֙בדָו ה ָָ֤רָפוּ
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
.
pp. 2148- 2173. pp. 17- 50Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome? 68. Shaham, H., Dvira, Z. Barkay, G (2023). Two Noteworthy Byzantine Weights from

pp. 2148-2173. pp. 17-50.
Yodefat (Jotapata),

ָ
ִּ
ַֽ
׃ה ָדָה ו ֵּ֥ ֹ די לוּ ָּ֖ מָג י ָ֔נוֹעְפִּצ ת ַּ֣רוּאְמ לַּעְו ןֶתָּ֑פ ר֣ ח־לַּע קָּ֖ נוֹי עֵַּּ֥שֲעַֽ ִּשְו

֙

do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
rk
ron
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ster
49. Ba 49. Barkay, G. (2005). Iron II Seal Impression. in: Master, D.M. (Ed.) Dothan I: Remains from Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, Israel Numismatics Research 18: 141-152.
e
II
d.)
, D.M.
Dothan I
(E
y
Ma
, G.
mains from

Re
ssi
on. in:
:
I
).
(2005
a
l
mpre
ָ

ִּ
ַֽלְֹו וּע ֵּ֥ רי־אַֽלֹ
ְ
ַֽ

ָ
פ ׃םיַֽ ִּסַּכְמ םֵָּ֥יַּל םיַָּּ֖מַּכּ הָ֔והי־תֶא ֙הָע ד ץ ֶר ָ֗אָה הָ֣אְלָמ־יִּכּ י ִּּ֑ שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכְב וּתיִָּּ֖חְשַּי־א
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
the Tell ( 1953- 1964 ) . W inona L a ke , I nd .: Eisenbr a uns. pp. 171 - 172. 69. Amitai-Preiss, N. Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). An Early Muslim Period Clay ָ
the Tell (1953-1964). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171-172.
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
An
n a
rsia
ig
e
He
tone
nd
nd P
A
ht

W
a
I
ron
l
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nist
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ll
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a
S
ge
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(2005
50. Ba 50. Barkay, G. (2005). An Iron Age Stone Weight and Persian and Hellenistic Seal Sealing from the Temple Mount, Israel Exploration Journal.
a
rk
).
y
, G.
This passage may be the oldest apocalyptic vision of future bliss in our sacred literatures.
do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and

ons
d.).
e
ons.
H.
ati
rusal
us,
e
uba
ssi
on
the Sit
Impre scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac 70. Snyder, F., Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). The Stones that the Salvagers
B
m
of
(E
e
Ex

Ar
s,
the J
av
in:
., Goldf
c
Impressions. in: Arubas, B., Goldfus, H. (Ed.). Excavations on the Site of the Jerusalem
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
Internat ional C onv e nti on C e nter ( Biny an e i Ha' um a) . P ortsmout h , R hode I s land : J ourna l of Rejected: How Understanding the Commercial Salvaging of Herodian Opus Sectile Tiles
International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha'uma). Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
Roman A rc ha e olog y . pp. 25 - 28. The author of Revelation foresaw heaven descending to earth and defining Jerusalem as the Holy
Roman Archaeology. pp. 25-28.
Aided in Reconstructing the Floor Patterns Used on the Temple Mount. Mendel-
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac
rk teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
of
).
P
ies

e
a
Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International Conference on
a
mat
a
l
a
lac
R
a
Ta
:
The
o
ntaliz
y
, G.
l
P
a
ortr
(2006
51. Ba 51. Barkay, G. (2006). Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?: The Tantalizing Possibilities of Ramat City. No Temple is described; perhaps the author is prophesying that no one will need to seek to
?
R
it
b
ossi
P
y
it
il
, R
ing
y
o
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
Raḥel. Raḥel. Biblical Archaeology Review 32(5). pp. 34-44. reach God in heaven. God will dwell among the faithful as he had in the very beginnings and all
v
34
44.
iew
New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022. Jerusalem.
Bibl
32(5
e

). pp.
-
ical Arc
hae
ology R
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
humans will relax with him in a pleasant abode.
, G. Everything that is hateful to you,
rk
P
e
S
P
l?
e
ul
(2007
s
ical
rod
'
A
T
Of
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e
S

a
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e
Bibl
a
thedr
I

H
I
t.

a
).
mpl
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'
a
52. Ba 52. Barkay, G. (2007). Is A Piece Of Herod'S Temple In St. Paul'S Cathedral? Biblical 71. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, (forthcoming). The Eastern Area of the Temple Mount:
teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):

Archae Archaeology Review. 33(6). pp. 63-66. Topography and Site Formation Processes that Took Place in the Last Millennium.
ology R You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
iew.
v
e

-
66.
6). pp
. 63
33(

What a dream that would be for those sweltering today like those suffering the wildfires on Maui
rk
c
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
Hol

ti
in
Ar
olog
ons
The
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).
G. (2009
w Enc
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,
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53. Ba 53. Barkay, G. (2009). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Mendel-Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International

lop
Ne
Everything that is hateful to you,

and all who under the sun are being chocked by hot winds; then again, the descendants of Adam
.
plora
Israe
pp
Volume
V
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ntar
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Ex
urnal
b
pp.
5. S

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59(2)
leme
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n.

ol. You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
Land, Land, Vol. 5. Supplementary Volume by E. Stern. Israel Exploration Journal 59(2). pp. Conference on New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022.
would walk with the Creator in the coolness that defines the evening.
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend

248-251. Jerusalem.
248-251. [SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]

rk the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
a

iew
s
54. Ba 54. Barkay, G. (2009). The Riches of Ketef Hinnom. Biblical Archaeology Review. 35(4/5). 72. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, The Temple Mount Sifting Project – Fourth Preliminary Report –
ology
,
t
hae
iche
of Ke
). Th
.
e
R
v
f Hinnom
Bibl
y
.

(2009
e
Re
. 35(4/5)
G.
ical Arc
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
pp. 23- that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave Thanks to the preservation of the literature in the biblical documents, among the Dead Sea Scrolls,
-
pp. 23-35; 122-126.
126.
35; 122
The Prevalent Finds, Forthcoming.
the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old and New Testaments (as well as some so-called
55. Eshe behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs? S it e s in 73. R. Deutsch, A. Lemaire, G. Barkay, P.G. van der Veen and D. Itzhak, The Bulla of
H.,
a
oman
r
C
l,
S
y
fr
n B
ka
oins
ix
.,
tee
u, B
iss
Z
r
G.
).

B
R
Kokhba
,
55. Eshel, H., Zissu, B., Barkay, G. (2011). Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in
om

(2011
a
17. pp. 91-
Europe that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave patristic texts and Syriac manuscripts) we may read about heaven on earth and wonderful abodes
“Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An Embarrassing Forgery (in the present Festschrift).
umismat
97.
ournal
l N
c
Europe. Israel Numismatic Journal 17. pp. 91-97.
Israe
i
J
.

behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
ug
s
d in
56. Ba 56. Barkay, G. (2013). Who Was Buried in the Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter? Biblical in one of the heavens. In the Essene Thanksgiving Hymns, the Righteous Teacher imagines God is
urie
y
a
Tomb
a
Da
ical
h
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ha
rk Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
B
Bibl
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(2013
, G.
).
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Archae blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past helping him plant the renewed Garden of Eden. See especially 1QH 16 (Sukenik 8); in this column
1). pp
. 39(
-

iew
v
Archaeology Review. 39(1). pp. 40-49.
49.
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
.)s the overflowing
: ינודא for placing him
a
a
a
rk and sacra scriptura?
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57. Ba 57. Barkay, G. (2015). Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom - A Fiscal and the following one, the Righteous Teacher praises םילשורי .םילשוריב ןויצ רה“a 1964 ( .ג ,יאקרב 1 .
A F
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of

, G.
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blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
f
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ז"כשת .יאקרב 'ג :ךרוע ,הדוהי רבדמ תוליגמ
2 .
rom
Bulla Bulla from the Slopes of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae. in: spring” in a parched land and as the Irrigator of the Garden (יקשמו ןג). How is that possible? In line
רסולפ 'ד

,
and sacra scriptura?
Lubetski , M., L ube tski , E. (E ds.). Re c ordi ng ne w e pigra phic e v iden c e : e s say s in honor of 16.17, we read: םשג הרויכ יפב התמש ילא התאו. God has placed in the mouth of the Teacher water like
Lubetski, M., Lubetski, E. (Eds.). Recording new epigraphic evidence: essays in honor of
.ןיסירפק ,סימאלסמ יאני רדנסכלא לש עבטמ .)
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
5

1973
64-
לארשיל תיטמסימונה הרבחה ןולע
3 .
'מע .
( .ג ,יאקרב

Robert Deutsch. Jerusalem. Pp 17-50.
Robert De utsch . J e rusa le m. P p 17 - 50. gentle rain. . 65
Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
dot,
ipschit
ons.
e
ssi
F

d,
s, O.,
a

. (E
Thr
, G.
58. Ba 58. Barkay, G. (2016). Three Stamp Impressions. In: Lipschits, O., Gadot, Y., Freud, L. (Eds.). .ו תוינומדק .ןשבה ןופצב םייגולואיכרא םידירש .) 1974 ( .ע ,רנולק ,.ע ,רזמ ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.צ ,ןליא ,.ד ,ןמרוא 4 .
n:
L
mpre
I
re
tamp
S
6).
L
Y.,
I
(201
e
u
ds.).
Ga
y
rk Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
-
:
.
ati
II
Y
1962
Raḥe
Final
Ramat foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s Enoch who had “walked with God” is ultimately hailed celestially as “that Son of Ma 85-90 'מע
Ramat-Raḥel III: Final Publication of Yohanan Aharoni's Excavations (1954, 1959-1962).
c
ohanan Aharoni'
.n.” An angel
on of
l
19
ons
ati
I
(
av
54, 1959
Publi
s
)

Ex
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hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy
:
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l Aviv
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Winona L aIn that blessed future there will be permanent C laire Ya ss P ubli“on all (God’s) promises Enoch, that he is “that Son of Man,” who brings peace that will last forever (1En 71:14 5 .-
Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns; Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in holy
:
ץראו עבט
1974
.ןשבה ןופצב רבע ידירש .)

'מע .ז"ט
( .ע ,רנולק ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.ד ,ןמרוא ,.ע ,רזמ ,.צ ,ןליא
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
Archa mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9: 17). . 162-167
704.
y
. pp. 730
,

-
e
niver
Te
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 730-704.
olog
sit
l Aviv U
y

. (2015
e
rk
.
e
a
mpl
T
a
he
59. Ba 59. Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2015). The Temple Mount Sifting Project: An Introduction. 'מע .'ח תוינומדק .ןושאר - תיב ימיב םילשורי לש ינופצה תורבקה - תיב .) 1975 ( .ע ,רנולק .ע ,רזמ .ג ,יאקרב 6 .
a
Sif
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nd
, G.
ti
).
t: An Introduc
Projec
, Z
ng
y
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ti
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M

And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.

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on
F
rusa
Israel Archaeology Foundation. Jerusalem.
oun
g
. J
da
olo
Israel A rc ha e And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together. Other Jews, anticipate the appearance of “the Messiah … from the posterity of David,” who “will
lem.
y
71-76
.

rk
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Mount
c
ץראה תעידיב םינויע :םיפונ
e
a
t.
R
, G.
roje
ubble: The
P
Te

y
&
S
ifting

60. Ba 60. Barkay, G. & Dvira, Z. (2016). Relics in Rubble: The Temple Mount Sifting Project. deliver in mercy the remnant of my people, those who have been saved throughout my borders,
).
a
Dvir
,
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e
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in
(2016
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תב לבוי לגרל ;היגולואיכראה יארב םי־תב .)
1926
7 .

1976
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
הדסונ ,םי
-
11
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
11
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 44-64.
Biblical Arc hae ology R e v iew . 42(6 ). pp. 44- 64. and he will make them joyful until the end comes, …” (4Ezra 12:32-34; Metzger in OTP 1). This
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
65-70
5
'מע .
.
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
y
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de
&
Z
ook
B
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Mount
. (2016
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.
).
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61. Sn 61. Snyder, F., Barkay, G., & Dvira, Z. (2016). What the Temple Mount Floor Looked Like.
the
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hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 56-59.
Biblical Arc hae ology R e v iew . 42(6 ). pp. 56- 59.

6 XXV

)ךרוע( .מ ,ישורב :ךותב .םינורחאה דוד תיב יכלמםהי
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ב
)
ל
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.ג
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We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, the Apocalypse of Abraham and the vast amounts of If “the angels of God dwell with us” as the author of the History of the Rechabites described, then

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and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine, apocalyptic texts like the original Jewish core of The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. What our destiny is affirmed and we will dwell with the angels and enjoy with them an eternal blessed
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optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the
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First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews
If “the angels of God dwell with us” as the author of the History of the Rechabites described, then
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars
Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, the Apocalypse of Abraham and the vast amounts of
22-27
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and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
our destiny is affirmed and we will dwell with the angels and enjoy with them an eternal blessed
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken
apocalyptic texts like the original Jewish core of The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. What
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1995
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and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated of us today? Was it primarily a doomsday message born out of a scorched Land and pulverized expansion of the Testament of Adam, God will eventually deify Adam so that finally he will sit at
Is Apocalypticism a Groundless Egocentric Hope?
into angelology.
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget
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will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and Temple? Or, was it possible for some expectations, not dreams, to rise above all the smoke? God’s right hand. In 1980, in “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an Angel,” I disclosed that in
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the
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speculated: It is impossible to imagine the height to which science may be carried in the future.
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the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite We begin by recognizing that apocalyptic perspectives have occasionally misled our ancestors
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God to obey human wishes. Unsubstantiated dreams may have led to the belief that the Assyrians
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speculated: It is impossible to imagine the height to which science may be carried in the future.
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not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
9
ethnicity and religion. . ls, and e ע . 'מע .ד 28תק .י נ ש - .ינשמsses? Why? No answer seems ה who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally Herod had only good intentions; the horrifying carnage of the Zealots and Sicari before 70; and Qumran Scrolls, and the Pseudepigrapha. Now, I wish to applaud all my colleagues who devote
.תוחפטהו הרגמה .)
תיב ימיב ןרוהיטו םילשורי לש תיברעמה המוחהice.
collapse of the Hasmonean dynasty with the crucifiction of 500 Pharisees by Alexander Jannaeus;
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32-45 Sons of
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לו the “leaders” acted
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human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal da
apocalyptic visions of those who composed the masterpieces in the Bible, the Apocrypha, the
.
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ethnicity
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Herod had only good intentions; the horrifying carnage of the Zealots and Sicari before 70; and
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-
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Brazilian, Portuguese, S . panish, F ' מ ע . 'מע .דרh, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This suffer: The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the 1998 ( ג ,יאקרב . 59 the final disaster committed as a result of the revolt led by Simeon bar Kosba (Bar Kokhba), "the their lives to learning so as to empower students for improving the values in our world – and I add,
. 124rench, Dutc
Migdal, Jericho, Qumran, Jerusalem, and Masada, have provided proof of how acropolises
38-40
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122-
23
.
.)
( .ג ,יאקרב

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128-129
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122-12419
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There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also
55-63ls of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath,

.)ךרוע( .א ,רליש :ךותב .םילשוריב "ןגה רבק" .)( and involved
collapsed into ashes. Excessive zeal, fueled by apocalyptic self-prophecies, also led more recently
'מע .לא the most massive יאנליו באז רפסרוע(tion that occurred in well over 400 years 1983אק רב . 24 . the . ange 'מע . 130-131 לאירא .לארשי - ץרא לש היגולואיכראל קיש דרנוק לש ותמורת .) 1998 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 60 Son of the Star" (אָבְכוֹכּ רַּב ד ֶרֶמ) that lasted from 132-135 CE. Archeological excavations in Jotapta, preserving freedom of expression and the good life.
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism?
was
'מע .לאירא :םילשורי . forced migra

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1983
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24

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Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This . 135-136 לאירא ."תוריפחה םוכיס ,רדג תמחב םיימורה תואצחרמה " .י ,דלפשריה לעlation ( .ג ,יאקרב . 61 Migdal, Jericho, Qumran, Jerusalem, and Masada, have provided proof of how acropolises What do I have to share with colleagues after over 50 years of research and teaching that has been
The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the
to the massive suicides in Guyana at Jonestown in 1978 and the duped individuals who believed
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihi
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
195-
. 203
.
1999
195-203
.)
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
ץished, isolated in the c
focused on apocalyptic thought and action in Early Judaism and earliest Christianity? Before
.רבקה תיסנכב שודקה ןטרו לש הלפאקב תוריפח .)( .ג ,יships, “
in Heaven’s Gate in 1997.
. million of them per רא - ץראה תיס נ כ ב שודקה ןhained lower portion of wooden ( .ג ,י,.מlike Herring . 25 angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath, 'מע collapsed into ashes. Excessive zeal, fueled by apocalyptic self-prophecies, also led more recently What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? 5
in the fire of the dark region.
אקרב ,.מ ,ישורבs in
.
220-222
ק
שורב
,י
לא
25
ב
ט
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8-20

1985
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ק

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. 'מ
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.
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation to the massive suicides in Guyana at Jonestown in 1978 and the duped individuals who believed What do I have to share with colleagues after over 50 years of research and teaching that has been
6
[1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
94-1084
'מע .תfluenced by
.םילשוריב םוניה תורי Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
a Barrel” (Dionigi . de Ca . rli, '1667). " יI n ,ז"ימד תוינומדקשורי Daniel Defore’s פח .) 1985 1985אק רב . 26 . 26 . 57-64 'מע .ח ןורמושו הדוהי ירקחמ .שדחמ ןויע : לחר רבק דיל לזרבה תפוקתמ םיאצממ .) 1999 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 62 in Heaven’s Gate in 1997. beginning, we should recognize that we are dealing with Apocalypses and also with apocalyptic
םו
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94-108
ף
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focused on apocalyptic thought and action in Early Judaism and earliest Christianity? Before
million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in
5
in the fire of the dark region.
. 117
'sley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
Jacobovici and Sean King מ ע . 'מע .לאירא לאיראה תיי ס נ כ ב ן ושאר תי ב י מ י מ םי די רש .) 1985 1985אק רב . 27 . 27 ,.א טסואפ :ךותב .תויתרבחה תוכלשהה : 'ב לזרבה תפוקתב הדוהיב םירוגמה תיבו רבקה .) 1999 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 63 The Hope Supplied by Insightful Apocalypses movements and actions. We have visions of near-perfect human societies like Thomas More’s
115-
( .ג ,יאקרב
.רב
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.
.רבקה תייסנכב ןושאר תיב ימימ םידירש .)( .ג ,י
115-11742

42 6
beginning, we should recognize that we are dealing with Apocalypses and also with apocalyptic

[1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
36תק
'מע .ד
197- no
ר
. been . 201 Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest, Recognizing the insanity of those who fostered such monstrous recent apocalyptic scenarios, Utopia of 1516; it envisioned an ideal world, like the ones described in the early Jewish
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היגולואידיאו הרבח ,תירמוח תוברת .)םיכרוע( .א ריאמ
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197-20136
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movements and actions. We have visions of near-perfect human societies like Thomas More’s
Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
The Hope Supplied by Insightful Apocalypses

'מע .ןג תמר .ט"נשתה ןויס ט"י ,ןליא רב תטיסרבינוא סנכה The
,י
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.)
.
96-102

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John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
Recognizing the insanity of those who fostered such monstrous recent apocalyptic scenarios,
.ןושארה תיב
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7
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10
invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple.
enables all of us to appreciate the uplifting benefit of ancient apocalypses that “promise” future
apocalypses. If we cease pouring all wealth into preparation for a war that could annihilate all of
called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all
.ג ,יאקרב
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57-62
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us, then we can work together, and have virtually unlimited wealth to help those who are destitute,
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blessings. They constitute the positive hopes of antiquity. Jews and Christians were able to endure
wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the P
.
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1986
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In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: 1986אק רב . 31 . 31 to t 5 םילשורי רקחב םישודיחd Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus. 2000 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 65 murders, like the seven sons and mother described in 2 Maccabees 7 [probably a literary creation hungry, and lost. And the future would be assured and full only of blessings. If that continues to

-
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והיקדצ תרעמ .)( .ג ,י
be a faint hope, are there only dreams and visions of a perfect life here or there?
that mirrored reality], and the annihilation of Early Jews from 30 to 70 and again in 132-135 in
In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories:
,םיבושי .)םיכרוע( .א ,רשכ .מ ,יבכוכ ,.ש ,ץיבומינוב :ךותב .השאר ריעכ םילשורי
.
151-159
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ancient Palestine. Apocalypses spring out of the hearts of Jews and Christians who could not accept
,םיבושי .)םי כ רוע( .א ,רשכ .מ ,י ב כ וכ ,.ש ,ץיב ומ י נ וב :ךותב .השאר רי ע כ ם י לשורי .) 1988 1988 ,י אק רב . 32 . 32 Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to that mirrored reality], and the annihilation of Early Jews from 30 to 70 and again in 132-135 in be a faint hope, are there only dreams and visions of a perfect life here or there?
.) ( .ג

תע
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ב
.
66
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2000
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-
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לא
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that they had been abandoned by “the Creator of the World” (ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης; 2Mac 7:23).
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism?
suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? 1985 ץרמב suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were that they had been abandoned by “the Creator of the World” (ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης; 2Mac 7:23). Unfortunately, the ancient authors also produced apocalypses that are dystopias (δυσ, “bad,”
'מע .יבצ
233-270
.
-
םילשורי .ארקמה תפוקת :םילשורי
:
ןב קחצי די
.
ע
.
'מע . ץרמ
124-
124-1251985
. 125
מ
'
ב
behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which

and τόπος, “place”); that is compositions full of horrifying expectations. For example, the
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
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we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in
unthinkable future was imagined by the author of 2 Enoch in Recension J:
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
.
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Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically?
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look horizontally but vertically. From literary sources, often recovered recently, and from focused
How May we Perceive a New Creation?
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Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
archaeological research, it seems that there always has been an experienced discord on earth and
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. 37-76 . 37-7652 ה ר 52תק .ם י ל .םילשוריב םוניה ףתכמ ףסכ תויחול לע םינהוכה תכרב .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 36 is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש) imagined harmony in the blessed heaven. From the beginnings of our culture, the apocalyptists how miserable for me is my incapacity and that of my ancestors! And I thought in my heart
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What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
imagined harmony in the blessed heaven. From the beginnings of our culture, the apocalyptists
how miserable for me is my incapacity and that of my ancestors! And I thought in my heart
is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?

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have elevated human life with present dreams and teleological blessings. Many of us, not only
and I said: ‘How blessed is the person who has not been born ….’”

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Jews and Christians, share the dream that God’s kingdom will come on earth and God again will
[2En 41:1-2; Andersen in OTP 1.166]
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the
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( .ג ,יאקרב
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the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological dwell with his creatures. Then, as once imagined, we may all walk about with the LORD God,
ואה ones
.החותפה הטיסרבינואה are
dwell with his creatures. Then, as once imagined, we may all walk about with the LORD God,
the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are
Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological

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תיב ימי ב םי לשו worth נsharing? I shall start with one תיב ימיב םילשורי לש תורבקה.) -1990 1990אק רב . 39 . 39 Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative o 'מע . 161 לאירא .םילשוריב םילייטמ תכרדה .) 2003 ( .א ,רליש ,.ג ,יאקרב . 73 after a blistering and depleting day, in the cool breeze of the evening ( םיִִּ֛הלֱֹא הָָ֧והי לוֹ ֨ק־תֶא וּ ֞עְמְשי ַּו ַֽ ַֽ
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ְ
after a blistering and depleting day, in the cool breeze of the evening ( םיִִּ֛הלֱֹא הָָ֧והי לוֹ ֨ק־תֶא וּ ֞עְמְשיַּו
especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are
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Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
.
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promising. Let us h מ ע .י 'מע .יבצחצ ןב קחצי דילשורי .ch of them. נ ת ו יש רפ ,םי מו כי ס ,ת ו רוק מ : ן ו : ןושאר Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with םוֹּ֑יַּה ַּחוּ ֣ רְל ןָָּ֖גַּב ךְֵּ֥ לַּהְתִּמ; Gen 3:8).
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Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
םוֹּ֑יַּה ַּחוּ ֣ רְל ןָָּ֖גַּב ךְֵּ֥ לַּהְתִּמ; Gen 3:8).
promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them.
. 70-75 . ' מ ע . 'מע .לאירא לאירא.דוד לדג מ ן ואי ז ומ ב תי רוט ס י הה הגו צתה תרוק י ב ל .) 1991 1991 ,רליש ,.ג י אק רב . 40 . 40 Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected

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םילשורי רקחב םישודיח History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected
Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem:
Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
4
Charlesworth, “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an angel,” in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and
'מע . that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
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מ
Charlesworth, “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an angel,” in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and
discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
3-4ינו ד"כמד תוינומדקלשורי תו דלותל ס לטא" ,ע ב ג ' ה :לע .) 1991 1991אק רב . 42 . 42 discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades. 2004 dates before . the Paradigms, edited by J.J. Collins and G.W.E. Nickelsburg. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12. (Chico, CA: Scholars
9
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15-30 kaph
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לאיראit is an indication that the source of the manuscript
Press, 1980) pp. 135-51.
. medial
Note the
9 introduction of final forms. Press, 1980) pp. 135-51.
6
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
5
. 128
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For more, see Charlesworth, “Fifty Years of Research on Apocalyptic Perspectives Preserved in the Old Testament
6 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. .הדוהימ םתוח תועיבט םע םינקנק תוידי תצובק .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 43 introduction of final forms. 'מע . 14 ןורמושו הדוהי ירקחמ .ארקמה תפוקתב םוניה - ןב איג .) 2005 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 78 manuscripts of this pseudepigraphon. See Geller’s “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch: Text and Context,” in Beyond 5
10
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
For more, see Charlesworth, “Fifty Years of Research on Apocalyptic Perspectives Preserved in the Old Testament
the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Professor Geller sent me a prepublication copy. The earliest text for 2 Enoch dates to
המודקה םילשוריו דוד ריע ירקחמ
( .ג ,יאקרב
1
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,י

79
דוד ריע .)
7-19
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:
.עבג ללה לש ויתוגשה לע הבוגת ?ט"יה האמה ירפוח לש םתונימאב קפס ליטהל עודמ .)(
.םיגשומ ןולימ
2006
( .ג ,יאקרב
.עבג לל ה לש וי תוג ש ה לע הב ו ג ת ? ט " י ה האמה י ר פוח לש םת ונ י מ אב ק פס ליט ה ל ע ודמ .) 1992 1992אק רב . 44 . 44 10 Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been manuscripts of this pseudepigraphon. See Geller’s “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch: Text and Context,” in Beyond Pseudepigrapha” in the proceedings of the Munich congress, to be edited by L.T. S
.
7
London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15.
is found in that publication.
1073.
Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
Ibid., pp. xv, 3.

.
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םילשורי רקחב םישודיח
.ינושאר ח"וד
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7 Ibid., pp. xv, 3. . 58 . 'מע 5897/98 97/98מד תוינומדק in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area. (.י ,גיוצ ,.ג ,יאקרב . 80 the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Professor Geller sent me a prepublication copy. The earliest text for 2 Enoch dates to Pseudepigrapha” in the proceedings of the Munich congress, to be edited by L.T. Stuckenbruck. A full bibliography
is found in that publication.
1073.

פח
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1992
ק
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. 41-58 . 41-583 'מע .לו 3א היגולואיכרא ן .ןוינק ןילתק לש התריפח תוטישל .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 45 . 213-237
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4 XXVII 2