Page 27 - Step and repeat document 1
P. 27
rk
., Va
).
g
r
, M
The
r
man,
ke
g
.
(2004
u
B
Ke
, G.,
L
f
te
y
Am
a
e
fr
om
ulets
undb
c
., &
hn,
u
Z
A
n
an
ntal
o
A
luation.
Hinnom:
Ne
Orie
Am
of
e
Jearim (Deir el-‘Azhar): Archaeological Investigations of a Biblical Town in the Judean
w Editi
in
Eva
hools
Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
of the
Bullet
rican Sc
d
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
And the leopard with the young goat shall lie down.
h
Researc
7
).
pp. 41-
Hill Country.” Israel Exploration Journal 68. Pp 30-49.
(334
1.
Research (334). pp. 41-71.
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
And the calf and the young lion and the fattened-animal together.
29(3)
63. Snyder, F., Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2019). Reconstruction of a Crusader “opus sectile”
). Moun
ste
a
Bibl
r
, G. (
y
2003
.
39.
44. Ba
32
-
y
ology R
44. Barkay, G. (2003). Mounds of Mystery. Biblical Archaeology Review 29(3) 32-39.
iew
v
e
ds of M
rk
y
hae
ical Arc
outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
And a small boy shall lead them.
floor in the dome of the rock based on “picturesque Palestine” illustrations and finds from
(
d.)
tra
.
ta
L
Ussishki
ronz
S
45. Ba
Age
2004
e
y
h
.
).
45. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Late Bronze Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The
, G.,
T
e
Ussishki
D (E
I
B
n, D
The
a
n,
rk
a
.
te
n:
even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening
And the cow and the bear shall graze [together],
e
L
ac
l
1973
the Temple Mount sifting project. Exploring the Holy Land 150. pp. 81-98.
Te
.
hish
(
ati
av
nd
1994
Eme
r
y
-
c
)
Ex
I,2
al
at
d Ar
a
A
ologi
c
hae
viv:
c
ons
Renew
Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) I,2. Tel Aviv: Emery and
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
Their young shall lie down together.
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
e
l Avi
e
ss P
c
y
Claire
Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 316-411.
64. Ludvik, G. E., Kenoyer J. M., Cohen-Klonymus, H., Barkay G., and Dvira, Z. (2022)
1.
, T
n Ar
ti
rsit
. pp. 316
ons i
-
a
v Unive
y
ubli
ha
Ya
41
g
olo
c
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
And the lion as the ox shall eat straw.
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
h
e
46. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Iron Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The
T
Ussishki
). The
d.)
ta
D (E
.
n:
e
Stone Beads from the Temple Mount, Jerusalem: A relative chronology through high-
n, D
ron A
2004
Ussishki
tra
y
I
n
(
I
g
,
.
, G.,
46. Ba
S
a
.
rk
11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
And the nursing child shall play over the hole of the cobra.
outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
l
-
e
c
v
Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) II. Tel Aviv: Emery and
a
(
al
y
L
hae
Ex
Te
1973
a
d
r
n
ologi
ac
1994
hish
resolution studies of bead technology. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14
c
c
ati
ons
Eme
at
iv:
.
) II
Renew
Av
d Ar
even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening
And the weaned child shall put its hand on the viper’s den.
, T
e
Ya
rsit
ha
50
y
Claire
3.
ions i
v Unive
a
t
c
-
g
e
n Ar
olo
ss P
Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 411-503.
l Avi
ubli
c
(6): 115
y
. pp. 411
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain,
al
B
e
B
47. Barkay, G. (2004). A Balance Beam. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological
c
e
ne
ologi
Re
m.
n,
65. Van der Veen, P. G., Deutsch, R., & Barkay, G. (2016). Reconsidering the authenticity of
a
G.
(2004
hae
a
D (E
lanc
w
n:
). A
47. Ba
he
,
a
d
Ussishki
Arc
T
rk
y
d.).
I
e
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
For the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD (הָָ֔והְי),
1994
e
ti
ons
a
Eme
)
a
L
Excav
P
ac
a
ss
V
laire
(1973
.
c
l
ubli
r
the Berekhyahu Bullae: a rejoinder.
Y
-
T
hish
in
y
Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in
ons at
ati
I
nd C
Aviv: 11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including
As the waters cover the sea.
-
Archa
,
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 2084-2088.
Te
y
y
2088.
sit
66. Dvira, Z., & Barkay, G. (2021). Clay Sealings from the Temple Mount and Their Use in
e
olog
. pp. 2084
niver
l Aviv U
Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
a
d Of
hish.
I
the Temple and Royal Treasuries. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 2: 41–75.
l
a
om
)
i
48. Barkay, G., Vaughn, A.G. (2004). The Royal and Official Seal Impressions from Lachish.
o
fr
The
ssi
48. Ba
n
a
, G.
y
ns
S
,
l
fic
a
rk
R
y
re
c
hn,
a
e
(2004
l
u
g
o
a
.
G.
A.
Va
L
mp
ִּ
׃ם ָב גֵּ֥ הנ ן ָּ֖ ֹ טָק רַּעֵַּּ֥נְו
ָ
ַֽ
ו ָ֔דְחי ֙אי ִּרְמוּ ריִָּ֤פְכוּ לֶג ֨עְו ץָּ֑ב ְרי יִּ֣דְג־םִּע רָּ֖ מנְו שֶׂב ָ֔כּ־םִּע ֙ב אז רָָ֤גְו
ֶ
ֹ
ַּ
ָ
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five
In: Ussishki
ne
gical Ex
olo
)
67. Barkay, G., and Deutsch, R. (2022). An Additional Fiscal Bulla from the City of David.
ac
ish (
Re
ati
c
n, D.
c
h
he
T
1973
In: Ussishkin, D. (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994)
at
-
d.).
L
hae
(E
e
d Ar
av
ons
w
1994
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
ֹ
ֶ
ֹ
ַֽ
ַּ
ָ
ִּ
׃ןֶבַֽ ֶת־לַּכאי ר ֵָּ֥קָבַּכּ הָּ֖ י ְראְַו ןֶּ֑הי דְלי וּ ֣ צְב ְרי וָָּ֖דְחי הני ָ֔ע ְרִּת ֙בדָו ה ָָ֤רָפוּ
ַּ
ubli
IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
ns
l
y
Aviv Unive
P
Aviv:
Te
y
laire
c
ss
rsit
.
r
in
a
n
olog
o
c
Ar
Eme
ti
ha
a
y
Ya
d C
Epigraphy, iconography, and the Bible: 77-83.
e
l
,
IV. Te are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
pp. 2148-
.
pp. 2148-2173. pp. 17-50.
2173. pp. 17-
68. Shaham, H., Dvira, Z. Barkay, G (2023). Two Noteworthy Byzantine Weights from
50Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
Yodefat (Jotapata),
֙
ָ
ִּ
׃ה ָדָה ו ֵּ֥ ֹ די לוּ ָּ֖ מָג י ָ֔נוֹעְפִּצ ת ַּ֣רוּאְמ לַּעְו ןֶתָּ֑פ ר֣ ח־לַּע קָּ֖ נוֹי עֵַּּ֥שֲעַֽ ִּשְו
ַֽ
do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
Dothan I
:
49. Barkay, G. (2005). Iron II Seal Impression. in: Master, D.M. (Ed.) Dothan I: Remains from
mains from
Re
rk
II
on. in:
d.)
I
, G.
ster
S
(2005
y
Ma
(E
mpre
49. Ba
a
I
ron
a
ssi
l
Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, Israel Numismatics Research 18: 141-152.
e
).
, D.M.
ְ
ִּ
ָ
ָ
ַֽלְֹו וּע ֵּ֥ רי־אַֽלֹ
פ ׃םיַֽ ִּסַּכְמ םֵָּ֥יַּל םיַָּּ֖מַּכּ הָ֔והי־תֶא ֙הָע ד ץ ֶר ָ֗אָה הָ֣אְלָמ־יִּכּ י ִּּ֑ שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכְב וּתיִָּּ֖חְשַּי־א
ַֽ
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
a
172.
a
uns. pp. 171
.:
inona
L
ke
1953-
1964
Eisenbr
. W
,
69. Amitai-Preiss, N. Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). An Early Muslim Period Clay
the Tell (1953-1964). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171-172.
nd
)
I
-
the Tell (
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
e
l
y
rk
tone
rsia
50. Barkay, G. (2005). An Iron Age Stone Weight and Persian and Hellenistic Seal
Sealing from the Temple Mount, Israel Exploration Journal.
e
An
a
ht
ge
ic
S
, G.
nd P
a
nd
S
e
ll
W
ron
He
ig
50. Ba
a
n a
(2005
nist
e
).
A
I
This passage may be the oldest apocalyptic vision of future bliss in our sacred literatures.
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac
do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
Impre
Impressions. in: Arubas, B., Goldfus, H. (Ed.). Excavations on the Site of the Jerusalem
Ar
Ex
uba
m
ssi
e
., Goldf
s,
on
in:
rusal
ons.
(E
ati
av
us,
the Sit
ons
e
B
70. Snyder, F., Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). The Stones that the Salvagers
of
e
c
H.
the J
d.).
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
ortsmout
an
Rejected: How Understanding the Commercial Salvaging of Herodian Opus Sectile Tiles
.
International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha'uma). Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of
land
:
s
onv
J
, R
C
um
hode
P
e
I
nti
Internat
nter
h
a)
l of
e
Biny
on C
e
ourna
Ha'
(
i
ional
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
The author of Revelation foresaw heaven descending to earth and defining Jerusalem as the Holy
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
-
25
y
olog
. pp.
Roman A
e
Roman Archaeology. pp. 25-28.
Aided in Reconstructing the Floor Patterns Used on the Temple Mount. Mendel-
ha
rc
28.
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac
City. No Temple is described; perhaps the author is prophesying that no one will need to seek to
rk teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
The
P
, G.
a
mat
(2006
of
ies
, R
R
ortr
lac
51. Ba
Ta
P
o
y
a
y
51. Barkay, G. (2006). Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?: The Tantalizing Possibilities of Ramat
Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International Conference on
a
l
y
l
ing
ossi
ntaliz
).
R
P
?
it
:
e
il
it
o
a
b
a
a
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
reach God in heaven. God will dwell among the faithful as he had in the very beginnings and all
Raḥel.
32(5
-
New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022. Jerusalem.
Raḥel. Biblical Archaeology Review 32(5). pp. 34-44.
e
ical Arc
34
ology R
iew
v
hae
44.
Bibl
). pp.
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
humans will relax with him in a pleasant abode.
rk
, G. Everything that is hateful to you,
t.
thedr
Of
a
A
iec
'
y
S
T
rod
e
ical
a
I
ul
a
s
'
S
Bibl
mpl
l?
P
(2007
71. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, (forthcoming). The Eastern Area of the Temple Mount:
C
n S
).
52. Ba
e
H
a
e
52. Barkay, G. (2007). Is A Piece Of Herod'S Temple In St. Paul'S Cathedral? Biblical
I
P
e
teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
ology R You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
Archae
6). pp
Archaeology Review. 33(6). pp. 63-66.
33(
e
. 63
-
v
66.
iew.
Topography and Site Formation Processes that Took Place in the Last Millennium.
What a dream that would be for those sweltering today like those suffering the wildfires on Maui
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
rk
c
Mendel-Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International
of
in
).
Ar
c
ti
The
va
a
a
lop
ons
i
y
,
c
c
e
y
w Enc
ha
Ne
53. Barkay, G. (2009). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy
53. Ba
olog
l Ex
the
e
a
Hol
y
dia
G. (2009
Everything that is hateful to you,
and all who under the sun are being chocked by hot winds; then again, the descendants of Adam
Conference on New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022.
ter
b
pp
E.
.
urnal
59(2)
5. S
S
u
o
y
pp.
V
leme
ti
y
Land, Vol. 5. Supplementary Volume by E. Stern. Israel Exploration Journal 59(2). pp.
Volume
on J
plora
n.
ntar
l
Israe
Ex
ol. You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
Land,
would walk with the Creator in the coolness that defines the evening.
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
248-251.
Jerusalem.
248-251. [SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
a
rk the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
R
v
.
of Ke
,
iew
y
Bibl
hae
f Hinnom
54. Barkay, G. (2009). The Riches of Ketef Hinnom. Biblical Archaeology Review. 35(4/5).
s
t
72. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, The Temple Mount Sifting Project – Fourth Preliminary Report –
e
iche
ical Arc
G.
). Th
54. Ba
e
. 35(4/5)
(2009
ology
Re
.
Thanks to the preservation of the literature in the biblical documents, among the Dead Sea Scrolls,
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
pp. 23- that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave
The Prevalent Finds, Forthcoming.
-
pp. 23-35; 122-126.
126.
35; 122
and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old and New Testaments (as well as some so-called
the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
55. Eshe behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
e
55. Eshel, H., Zissu, B., Barkay, G. (2011). Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in
y
it
Kokhba
).
73. R. Deutsch, A. Lemaire, G. Barkay, P.G. van der Veen and D. Itzhak, The Bulla of
s
in
S
,
H.,
ka
r
r
S
B
R
oman
fr
iss
oins
om
u, B
l,
ix
a
.,
Z
(2011
n B
C
a
tee
G.
that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave
patristic texts and Syriac manuscripts) we may read about heaven on earth and wonderful abodes
97.
i
J
l N
ournal
Israe
17. pp. 91-
.
Europe. Israel Numismatic Journal 17. pp. 91-97.
umismat
c
“Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An Embarrassing Forgery (in the present Festschrift).
Europe
behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
in one of the heavens. In the Essene Thanksgiving Hymns, the Righteous Teacher imagines God is
56. Barkay, G. (2013). Who Was Buried in the Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter? Biblical
rk Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
o W
).
s
urie
of
s
'
Da
d in
, G.
ical
?
(2013
h
B
Bibl
ra
ha
W
hter
y
56. Ba
the
Tomb
ug
a
a
oh
P
a
helping him plant the renewed Garden of Eden. See especially 1QH 16 (Sukenik 8); in this column
Archaeology Review. 39(1). pp. 40-49.
ology R
. 40
iew
e
v
1). pp
49.
Archae blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
-
. 39(
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
.םילשוריב ןויצ רה“a
.)s the overflowing
: ינודא for placing him
and the following one, the Righteous Teacher praises
l
ude
a
stem
the
of
J
A F
ti
on S
-
isca
n
x
y
Kingdom
a
a
Evide
, G.
57. Ba
f
nc
o
57. Barkay, G. (2015). Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom - A Fiscal
(2015
the
).
Ta
y
e
1964
םילשורי
.תוריתל רפסה תיב
rk and sacra scriptura?
( .ג ,יאקרב
blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
spring” in a parched land and as the Irrigator of the Garden (יקשמו ןג). How is that possible? In line
nomenon
e
Bulla from the Slopes of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae. in:
a
F
mpl
he
Mount
Bulla
the S
P
rom
l
f
a
ull
isca
f
o
B
d the
the Te
lopes
of
. in:
e
n
רסולפ 'ד
ז"כשת .יאקרב 'ג :ךרוע ,הדוהי רבדמ תוליגמ
,
and sacra scriptura?
הרויכ יפב התמש ילא התאו. God has placed in the mouth of the Teacher water like
16.17, we read: םשג
ng ne
e
M.,
ube
Re
:
Lubetski, M., Lubetski, E. (Eds.). Recording new epigraphic evidence: essays in honor of
L
iden
c
,
c
say
Lubetski
s in
ds.).
tski
s
w
e
,
e
phic
v
ordi
honor of
pigra
E. (E
e
לארשיל תיטמסימונה הרבחה ןולע
64-
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
5
.ןיסירפק ,סימאלסמ יאני רדנסכלא לש עבטמ .)
( .ג ,יאקרב
1973
'מע .
utsch
Robert De
gentle rain.
e
. J
Robert Deutsch. Jerusalem. Pp 17-50.
rusa
50.
m. P
-
.
65
p 17
le
Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
ipschit
58. Ba
d,
re
y
a
u
(201
s, O.,
I
Thr
, G.
Y.,
L
ons.
F
. (E
ds.).
e
L
tamp
n:
S
6).
e
Ga
mpre
ssi
58. Barkay, G. (2016). Three Stamp Impressions. In: Lipschits, O., Gadot, Y., Freud, L. (Eds.).
I
dot,
.ןשבה ןופצב םייגולואיכרא םידירש .)
( .ע ,רנולק ,.ע ,רזמ ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.צ ,ןליא ,.ד ,ןמרוא
.ו
foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
1974
תוינומדק
rk Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
1962
.n.” An angel
:
Y
-
(
Enoch who had “walked with God” is ultimately hailed celestially as “that Son of Ma
-
c
19
I
Publi
ons
ati
Ex
s
54, 1959
on of
.
l
II
av
Raḥe
c
ohanan Aharoni'
Final
ati
Ramat-Raḥel III: Final Publication of Yohanan Aharoni's Excavations (1954, 1959-1962).
)
Ramat foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
85-90
hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy
Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns; Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in holy
ubli“on all (God’s)
hole.
aIn that blessed future there will be permanent
ndand perfect peace
ss
a
Winona L
in
;
ti
Eme
I
C
promises Enoch, that he is “that Son of Man,” who brings peace that will last forever (1En 71:14
Eisenbr
e
Ya
y
,
uns
a
laire
ndiana
:
r
c
a
P
l Aviv
:
ke
T
ons
ץראו עבט
.ןשבה ןופצב רבע ידירש .)
1974
( .ע ,רנולק ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.ד ,ןמרוא ,.ע ,רזמ ,.צ ,ןליא
'מע .ז"ט
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
Archa mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
Te
e
704.
y
. pp. 730
sit
-
y
,
niver
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 730-704.
l Aviv U
olog
17).
.
162-167
.
T
59. Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2015). The Temple Mount Sifting Project: An Introduction.
ti
M
he
ti
e
ng
e
mpl
on
T
t: An Introduc
ount
Projec
Sif
-
תיב .)
תוינומדק
6 .
y
1975
( .ע ,רנולק .ע ,רזמ .ג ,יאקרב
תיב ימיב םילשורי לש ינופצה תורבקה
rk
a
a
'מע .'ח
).
.ןושאר
, G.
, Z
-
. (2015
nd
59. Ba
a
Dvir
And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.
And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.
oun
g
e
rc
da
olo
ti
Israel A
on
F
lem.
rusa
ha
Israel Archaeology Foundation. Jerusalem.
. J
e
y
.
Other Jews, anticipate the appearance of “the Messiah … from the posterity of David,” who “will
71-76
a
60. Ba
Mount
60. Barkay, G. & Dvira, Z. (2016). Relics in Rubble: The Temple Mount Sifting Project.
in
Z
&
c
c
(2016
a
,
S
.
s
roje
e
li
rk
).
e
t.
ifting
mpl
y
P
, G.
R
Te
Dvir
ubble: The
R
1976
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
תב לבוי לגרל ;היגולואיכראה יארב םי־תב .)
1926
-
7 .
ץראה תעידיב םינויע :םיפונ
הדסונ ,םי
deliver in mercy the remnant of my people, those who have been saved throughout my borders,
11
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
11
64.
e
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
Biblical Arc
. 42(6
iew
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 44-64.
44-
v
ology R
). pp.
hae
.
65-70
'מע .
5
and he will make them joyful until the end comes, …” (4Ezra 12:32-34; Metzger in OTP 1). This
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
de
the
d
a
Mount
Te
t
Dvira
L
rka
mpl
y
e
,
ook
61. Sn
).
.
, G.,
61. Snyder, F., Barkay, G., & Dvira, Z. (2016). What the Temple Mount Floor Looked Like.
L
W
e
B
r, F
. (2016
ik
loor
&
y
.,
Z
e
F
a
h
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
Biblical Arc
iew
e
v
hae
ology R
56-
59.
. 42(6
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 56-59.
). pp.
XXV
6
43. Ba 43. Barkay, G., Lundberg, M., Vaughn, A., & Zuckerman, B. (2004). The Amulets from Ketef 62. McKinny, C., Schwartz, O, Barkay, G., Fantalkin, A., and Zissu, B. (2018). “Kiriath- 'מע ְ ָ 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .-
)ךרוע( .מ ,ישורב :ךותב .םינורחאה דוד תיב יכלמםהי
ןומרח ןומרח ןיבךרוע ( .מ ,י שורב :ךותב .םי נ ורח אה דו ד תי ב י כ למ לש לש םהירבק םוקמ תייעבל .)( 1977אק רב . 8 8 . הרובק יגהונו םירבק .)ךרוע( .א ,רגניז :ךותב .ארקמה תפוקתב הדוהיב הרובקו םירבק .) 1994 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 46
ק
רב
.)
מ
תי
1977
יב
)
.ג
ן
םו
ע
י
( .ג ,יאקרב
,י
ל
ב
ק
'
לשורי .
ע
י
יני
מ
. 75-92 . 75-92 .ם 'מע .םילשורי . יניסל . 96-164 'מע .היתוקיתעו לארשי - ץרא תריקחל הרבחה ;יבצ - ןב קחצי די :םילשורי .הקיתעה תעב לארשי - ץראב
סל
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, the Apocalypse of Abraham and the vast amounts of If “the angels of God dwell with us” as the author of the History of the Rechabites described, then
'מ
ל
ן
.) ( .ג ,י
( .ג ,יאקרב
.םילשוריב ןרוו סלר'צ תוריפחמ ינשה תיבה ימימ ןבא ןחלוש לש לגר .)
.
תורי
פחה
לאירא
9
'מע .'טמד
89-94'ט
.
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
ו
ע
ק
47
.)
89-94
-ב
וי
מ
י
.
105-106
ט
וה
.
ינו
ןמליטב תוריפחה1976
ת
.קויוה
תוינומדק-
1976אק
9 .
1994
.ק
.
רב
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine, apocalyptic texts like the original Jewish core of The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. What our destiny is affirmed and we will dwell with the angels and enjoy with them an eternal blessed
69-71
.
1977אק
'
69-713
ו
.
.)
ש הל
ע
'מע
.
1977
.רי
10
מ
10
ה
ת
-
וב
'מע .י
.
,'ימד
י
2
ע
-
רב
,'
.
נ
ק
19-21
( .ג ,יאקרב
3-2ינו
תוינומדק-
.ריעהרש לש הי
.
רש לש היינש הלוב .)( .ג ,י
optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the
.)ך
נ
י
םח
.תינושאר הריקס
1994
,י
.
.לאירא :ם י לשורי . דל ו מה דלומה תיסנכו םחל תיברוע( .א ,רליש :ךות ב .םח ב .םחל תיב תוינומדק .)( 1980אק רב . 11 . 11 or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt was the primary message of those who created the luminous Apocalypses and apocalyptic abode. Some Jews in antiquity CE believed that the righteous ones transform and become like the
-
יס
יב
.)
ומ
םוניה ףתכ תוריפח .)
ת
.
נכו
ג
( .ג ,יאקרב
םילשורי רקחב םישודיח
ת
ג
'מע .א
.לאירא :םילשורי .
וי
8-15
( .
,יאקרב
.
ת
1995
ל
1980
ת
דק
48
ב
.)ךרוע( .א ,רליש :ךותל
USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of compositions? What important messages did these authors bequeath to the first readers and to each angels. According to some early Jewish or Christian texts, Adam is an angel. Moreover, in the
If “the angels of God dwell with us” as the author of the History of the Rechabites described, then
We also, in the last one hundred years, probably due to the rapidly depleting earth, two world wars
Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, the Apocalypse of Abraham and the vast amounts of
First, with sadness, we should all be able to imagine the horror and pain suffered by too many Jews
'מע
22-27
49
19-26
םיפונ
ע
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
.תיארקמה שיכל רחא םישופיחה .)
.
'מ
22-27
.
1995
.
21
'מע .
and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated of us today? Was it primarily a doomsday message born out of a scorched Land and pulverized expansion of the Testament of Adam, God will eventually deify Adam so that finally he will sit at
and Christians, beginning over two thousand years ago in the land we call the Holy Land, Palestine,
our destiny is affirmed and we will dwell with the angels and enjoy with them an eternal blessed
and the “bomb,” have been warned of a doomsday scenario. These compositions mirror our shaken
apocalyptic texts like the original Jewish core of The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. What
1981
רב
ואי
1995
.
י
םו
( .ג ,יאקרב
ז
( .ג ,יאקרב
םודרק .םילשורי לש םינטקה םינואיזומה .)( .ג ,י
ומ
נ
16-17דרק .םי
18
1981אק
ק
ה .)
50
1816
לשורי לש ם
12
ט
,לשא ,.ד תימע :ךותב .דוד תיב ימימ ריעה לש תופקתשהכ יאנומשח תיב ימי לש םילשורי .)
'מע .17
.
.
12
ה םי
.
-
נ
. 'מע
.
will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and Temple? Or, was it possible for some expectations, not dreams, to rise above all the smoke? yptic God’s right hand. In 1980, in “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an Angel,” I disclosed that in
or Israel. I have seen the first-century burnt houses visible in underground Jerusalem, felt the burnt
was the primary message of those who created the luminous Apocalypses and apocal
abode. Some Jews in antiquity CE believed that the righteous ones transform and become like the
optimism. The list would include at least Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin’ My [We] published in the
י
.
1981
'מע .17
ה רי
ב
.
ואי
תע
)םיכרוע( .ח
ע
תי
( .ג ,יאקרב
. 'מע
וא תי
ומ
231-238
.
-
'מע .יבצ
ה היכראירט
.
ז
13
ווי
.
13
םודרק .הקיתעה ריעב תיסכדותרוא תינוויה היכראירטפה ןואיזומ .)( .ג ,י
נ
1981אק
דותר
ק
רב
פה ן
23
םו
ס
16-17דרק .ה
כ
יאנומשח תיב ימי
2316
.)
-
ןב קחצי די :םילשורי .
8
4
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the
USA in 1924, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932), George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem. 1995 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 51 compositions? What important messages did these authors bequeath to the first readers and to each some early apocalyptic texts the righteous ones become like the angels. Anthropology transforms
debris beneath the Temple’s walls, seen the remains of humans, and examined the potshards of
angels. According to some early Jewish or Christian texts, Adam is an angel. Moreover, in the
.
14
םיאצממה .)( .ג ,י
םי
ב
רב
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
מ
א רז
נ
14
-
.
1981אק
.
34
.
'מע .17
םודרק .ןויצ תויחא רזנמבאצמ
לאירא
'מע .
107-108
181-188
.ןדרי תריקח תודלות .)
םו
16-17דרק .ן
ה .)
וי
. 'מע
ח
צ תוי
3416
מ
1981
and his Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), and finally Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 (1953). What those who hid in sewers from the blood-thirsty Roman soldiers. Since the 1950s, sophisticated of us today? Was it primarily a doomsday message born out of a scorched Land and pulverized expansion of the Testament of Adam, God will eventually deify Adam so that finally he will sit at
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget
into angelology.
Is Apocalypticism a Groundless Egocentric Hope?
.
ומ
לאירא
.
'מע .
ש ס
מ
15
242-245
.
י
רב
,.י
ז
107-108
16-17דרק .טד
ע
.
( .ג ,יאקרב ,.י ,םשל
םו
( .ג ,יאקרב
1981
-
'מע .17
.
,ם
52
.)
םודרק .טדימש ס"היבב ןואיזומה .)( .ג ,י
ה
36-3916
.
.השדח תילגת
1981אק
'
מ
1995
-
של
הרטפמ תוזונג תוליגמ .)
"
ב
היב
ן
36-39
.
ואי
15
will future generations enjoy or suffer? In light of the horrors now being seen and experienced in archaeologists have uncovered evidence of some of the most horrible events in human history and Temple? Or, was it possible for some expectations, not dreams, to rise above all the smoke? God’s right hand. In 1980, in “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an Angel,” I disclosed that in
What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite
We begin by recognizing that apocalyptic perspectives have occasionally misled our ancestors
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the
1981אק
. 'מע
.
41
.םי
4116
( .ג ,יאקרב
116
םודרק .םיתיזה רה לע םיסורה תושרב ןואיזומה .)( .ג ,י
.
53
'מע .17
'מע .
י
ת
.אבדימ תפמ תובקעב םילשוריב רויס .)
ואי
ב
רב
ורה תושר
ס
-
ז
ומ
ה רה לע
לאירא
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
1981
.
ז
16-17דרק
.
1996
16
.
ה .)
16
ן
םי
113-125
םו
Iran, Greece, Israel, China, Russia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, North Korea, South America, and the it is notably poignant in the Galilean Yodfat and in the Judean Jerusalem. with unfounded hopes and led to massive disasters. Among them are the ancient attempts to force some early apocalyptic texts the righteous ones become like the angels. Anthropology transforms
8
4
This apocalyptic expectation should be able to unite us as Benjamin Franklin (c. 1706-1790)
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
לאירא
י
.
.ןושארה תיבה ימיבו התישארב םילשורי .)
.
'
39-4016
רב
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
א .ט
.
ב
ס
'מע .17
.
ע
םו
16-17דרק .ן
םי
1996
17
מ
13-24
.
-
נ
54
( .ג ,יאקרב
י
'מע .
פס
רז
119-120
39-40
מ
1981אק
1981
17
ט
.
ואה .)
םודרק .ןייטא .טס רזנמב םיפסואה .)( .ג ,י
United States – at least – it is not easy to remain optimistic. During our time, we must not forget insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were Is Apocalypticism a Groundless Egocentric Hope? into angelology.
Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable
speculated: It is impossible to imagine the height to which science may be carried in the future.
God to obey human wishes. Unsubstantiated dreams may have led to the belief that the Assyrians
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
ע
1996
ע
42-44
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
'מע .17
-
ושי
ה תוב
'מע .
55
.
םו
ומ
1981
.
םודרק .םיעושיה תובאה ןואיזומ .)( .ג ,י
119-120
.
לאירא
.סרפה ןתח ירבד :יאקרב לאירבג ר"דל היגולואיכראל םילשורי סרפ .)
18
18
ואי
'מ
1981אק
42-4416
.)
ז
.
16-17דרק .םי
אה ן
רב
the horrors in the 1940s, notably Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And is any event as horrific as the What about the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls found on the western shores of the Dead Sea? Despite We begin by recognizing that apocalyptic perspectives have occasionally misled our ancestors
advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in and Babylonians could not conquer God’s Land and City. The failed perspectives also led to the We should always remember how professors and scholars have devoted their lives to clarify that
1981
נ
םו
ה ף
( .ג ,יאקרב
דר
י
.
16-17ק
.)ק
ב
םודרקלק
316-317
19
'מע .17
-
19
.)קראלק ףסוא( א"קמי ןינבב תוקיתעה ףסוא .)( .ג ,י
תע
.
1981אק
י
. 'מע
וא .)
י
45
ף
וא( א
ן
ס
.
תוק
ק
רא
מ
"
ס
ב
.
.
4516
רב
impressive advancements in poetic thought, the development of “the Holy Spirit” from God, and
This apocalyptic expectation should be able to unite us as Benjamin Franklin (c. 1706-1790)
Sho’ah (the misnamed Holocaust which means a whole burnt offering pleasing to God) when
with unfounded hopes and led to massive disasters. Among them are the ancient attempts to force
and Sinti), homosexuals, and even Jehovah’s - Witnesses? Why? No answer seems רב . 20 . 20 the Temple, were “the Sons of Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the status of each collapse of the Hasmonean dynasty with the crucifiction of 500 Pharisees by Alexander Jannaeus; our present and future life becomes better if we know the past and are stimulated by the uplifting
1981אק to suffice.
288-
ע
ץרא .לזרבה תפוקתמ הרג תולקשמ .)( .ג ,י
.
םדאו סרח ןבא
שמ
לת .
-
56
ץרא ךרד
ה תפוק
1981
הרג
:
.)תכרוע( .ע ,ינורהז :ךותב .םילשוריב םוניה
1996
לא
288-296 .ו"
-
ר
.
'
שי
ףתכ תוריפח .)
( .ג ,יאקרב
-
( .ג ,יאקרב
תולק
ץ
מ
'מע .ו"ט לארשירא .לזרב
תמ
. 296
.)
ט
speculated: It is impossible to imagine the height to which science may be carried in the future.
God to obey human wishes. Unsubstantiated dreams may have led to the belief that the Assyrians
insightful apocalyptic speculations, the Essenes institutionalized hatred and cursed all who were
Nazis and their collaborators, in a country of gifted humans that had contributed innumerable
- out of
Perhaps
,.ג
ג
,.מ
י
י
,י
אק
ב
י
רב
דיל ןושארמ
-
)
ק
.
לכ
"
ת
" .)(
.
הרוב
.ש
21
1983ן
21
תורעמ יתשפתמ
ןוחטיבה דרשמ
-
י
ביבא
:
"ןינפתמ תורבקה לכ1983
.
ק
ה
22-29
תורב
'מע .רואל האצוהה
דיל ןושאר - ת the “leaders” acted תש - " ן י נ - unfounded hatred of over six million Jews because of . their human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal damnation. All those the invitation to Pompeii to “invade” Jerusalem and desecrate the Holy of Holies; the belief that apocalyptic visions of those who composed the masterpieces in the Bible, the Apocrypha, the
,
שורב
ב
,י
וס
( .ש ,ןוסביג ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.מ ,ישורב
מ
י
תיב ימימ הרובקורעמ
-
We should always remember how professors and scholars have devoted their lives to clarify that
and Babylonians could not conquer God’s Land and City. The failed perspectives also led to the
advances to our culture, endeavored to annihilate a whole race of humans as well as Gypsies (Roma
not born like them. They claimed to be “the Sons of Light” and all others, including the priests in
9
ethnicity and religion. . ls, and e ע . 'מע .ד 28תק .י נ ש - .ינשמsses? Why? No answer seems ה who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) will eternally Herod had only good intentions; the horrifying carnage of the Zealots and Sicari before 70; and Qumran Scrolls, and the Pseudepigrapha. Now, I wish to applaud all my colleagues who devote
ר
םודקה חרזמהו ארקמה רקחל ןותנש
-י
וחto suff
.תוחפטהו הרגמה .)
ב
ב
.
17-3228
מven J
תיב ימיב ןרוהיטו םילשורי לש תיברעמה המוחהice.
. each
םי
י
collapse of the Hasmonean dynasty with the crucifiction of 500 Pharisees by Alexander Jannaeus;
the Temple, were
17-32
57
הרדתקת Witne
'
י
לשורי לש תי
ט
our present and future life becomes better if we know the past and are stimulated by the uplifting
הhovah’s
32-45 Sons of
1997 status of
( .ג ,יאקרב
ב
ו
( 'מע .אי
e
Darkness.” Birth and predestination defined the
רעמה המ
רוהי
ן
.) “the
and Sinti), homosexua
Perhaps
לו the “leaders” acted
apocalyptic visions of those who composed the masterpieces in the Bible, the Apocrypha, the
human. The Essenes predicted “the Sons of Darkness” would suffer eternal da
the invitation to Pompeii to “invade” Jerusalem and desecrate the Holy of Holies; the belief that
ינימשה ינימשה יגולואיכראה סרגנוקהךותב out of unfounded hatred of over six million Jews גbecause of . their suffer: וקתמ םירבק השולש .)mnation. All those the final disaster committed as a result of the revolt led by Simeon bar Kosba (Bar Kokhba), "the their lives to learning so as to empower students for improving the values in our world – and I add,
:
.
תואי
ו
1997
אק
( .ג ,יאקרב
צמ
( .ג ,יאקרב
ו
ה
:ךותב .תואיצמו היגולואדיאאנומ
58
ולואדי
לשורי
.
1981,י
1981
י
איכרא
ג
ת
ה
לש ינופצה ריפחה לש ונמזו םכש רעשל ןופצמ ןושארה תיבה תפ
ה
ה
.
ק
22
.
-
י
22
.)
א
םי
שח
רב
-
סרגנו
יג
תיאנומשחה םילשורי .)(
ןו דסומלשו the USA, but also
הרדתק will eternally
Qumran Scrolls, and the Pseudepigrapha. Now, I wish to applaud all my colleagues who devote
ethnicity
Herod had only good intentions; the horrifying carnage of the Zealots and Sicari before 70; and
. 'מעre is and religion.
י
:
'מע .היתוקיתעו לארשירא תרי
: דסומ
חה
חל הרב
ריל
:
לא
רשי
ק
ת
ו
אצ
:
-
ק
-
ץ
-
ת
םילשורי ,לארשיב
. 33 The 33 .היתוanother horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially רי ,לאר שיב who walk “in all the ways of darkness and evil craftiness” (עור תמרעו כשוח יכרד לוכב) 9 .םילשורי Son of the Star" (אָבְכוֹכּ רַּב ד ֶרֶמ) that lasted from 132-135 CE. Archeological excavations in Jotapta, preserving freedom of expression and the good life.
ו
םילשורי .רה
-
תע
-
'מע .
םי
םי
83
יריצק
ץרא תריקחל הרבחהלשורי .
תואצרה יריצקתןו
ריל
7-26
.
-
Brazilian, Portuguese, S . panish, F ' מ ע . 'מע .דרh, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This suffer: The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the 1998 ( ג ,יאקרב . 59 the final disaster committed as a result of the revolt led by Simeon bar Kosba (Bar Kokhba), "the their lives to learning so as to empower students for improving the values in our world – and I add,
Migdal, Jericho, Qumran, Jerusalem, and Masada, have provided proof of how acropolises
. 124rench, Dutc
.
23
1982אק
23
רב
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
לאירא
.םחל תיב לש ןואיזומה .)
128-129
.
38-40
'מע .
19ק
ראופמ
םו
122-
1982
.הנכ רפכמ ראופמ ירושא ילכ .)( .ג ,י
כ
.הנ
םודרק רפכמ
לכ
.)
י
רושא י
122-12419
There is another horrific human tragedy that plagued many nations, especially the USA, but also
55-63ls of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath,
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism?
collapsed into ashes. Excessive zeal, fueled by apocalyptic self-prophecies, also led more recently
'מע .לאירא :םילשורי . forced migra
'מע .לא the most massive יאנליו באז רפסרוע(tion that occurred in well over 400 years 1983אק רב . 24 . the . ange 'מע . 130-131 לאירא .לארשי - ץרא לש היגולואיכראל קיש דרנוק לש ותמורת .) 1998 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 60 Son of the Star" (אָבְכוֹכּ רַּב ד ֶרֶמ) that lasted from 132-135 CE. Archeological excavations in Jotapta, preserving freedom of expression and the good life.
was
.)ךרוע( .א ,רליש :ךותב .םילשוריב "ןגה רבק" .)( and involved
ה
ג
רי
( .ג ,יאקרב
ן
רב
י
רא
"
.)
.ג
,י
ק
י
לשו
רפ
,רליש
:ךותב
ז
א
.)ך
ס
.
.
יאנליו
"
24
בא
לשוריב
.םי
1983
:ם
Brazilian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and British homes and businesses. This . 135-136 לאירא ."תוריפחה םוכיס ,רדג תמחב םיימורה תואצחרמה " .י ,דלפשריה לעlation ( .ג ,יאקרב . 61 Migdal, Jericho, Qumran, Jerusalem, and Masada, have provided proof of how acropolises What do I have to share with colleagues after over 50 years of research and teaching that has been
The visitation of all who walk in it (will be) many afflictions by all the
to the massive suicides in Guyana at Jonestown in 1978 and the duped individuals who believed
everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihi
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two
. 203
195-203
1999
.
195-
.)
was the most massive forced migration that occurred in well over 400 years and involved the
in the fire of the dark region.
focused on apocalyptic thought and action in Early Judaism and earliest Christianity? Before
ץished, isolated in the c
in Heaven’s Gate in 1997.
.רבקה תיסנכב שודקה ןטרו לש הלפאקב תוריפח .)( .ג ,יships, “
אקרב ,.מ ,ישורבs in
. million of them per רא - ץראה תיס נ כ ב שודקה ןhained lower portion of wooden ( .ג ,י,.מlike Herring . 25 angels of punishment, eternal perdition by the fury of God’s vengeful wrath, 'מע collapsed into ashes. Excessive zeal, fueled by apocalyptic self-prophecies, also led more recently What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? 5
שורב
,י
ב
תורי
רב
לא
.
י
8-20 .ח
)
'מע .חירשי
לארשי .רב
1985
8-20
פח .
25
-
ק
ק
רו לש הלפא
1985אק
ע
.
. 'מ
ט
220-222
capture and enslavement of twelve million Africans to the so-called “New World.” At least two everlasting terror and endless shame, together with disgrace of annihilation to the massive suicides in Guyana at Jonestown in 1978 and the duped individuals who believed What do I have to share with colleagues after over 50 years of research and teaching that has been
6
[1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
-
תכ
-
ףתכ תוריפח .)( .ג ,י
ף
,ז
( .ג ,יאקרב
'מע .תfluenced by
ע
.
מ
י
ל
ק
.ם
ב
.םילשוריב םוניה תורי Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
94-108
םו
ינו
ה
94-1084
4ו
a Barrel” (Dionigi . de Ca . rli, '1667). " יI n ,ז"ימד תוינומדקשורי Daniel Defore’s פח .) 1985 1985אק רב . 26 . 26 . 57-64 'מע .ח ןורמושו הדוהי ירקחמ .שדחמ ןויע : לחר רבק דיל לזרבה תפוקתמ םיאצממ .) 1999 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 62 in Heaven’s Gate in 1997. beginning, we should recognize that we are dealing with Apocalypses and also with apocalyptic
נ
י
5
million of them perished, isolated in the chained lower portion of wooden ships, “like Herrings in
focused on apocalyptic thought and action in Early Judaism and earliest Christianity? Before
in the fire of the dark region.
'sley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
Jacobovici and Sean King מ ע . 'מע .לאירא לאיראה תיי ס נ כ ב ן ושאר תי ב י מ י מ םי די רש .) 1985 1985אק רב . 27 . 27 ,.א טסואפ :ךותב .תויתרבחה תוכלשהה : 'ב לזרבה תפוקתב הדוהיב םירוגמה תיבו רבקה .) 1999 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 63 The Hope Supplied by Insightful Apocalypses movements and actions. We have visions of near-perfect human societies like Thomas More’s
. 117
.
115-
ק
.רבקה תייסנכב ןושאר תיב ימימ םידירש .)( .ג ,י
( .ג ,יאקרב
115-11742
.רב
[1QS 4.11-13; Charlesworth in PTSDSSP 1.17]
a Barrel” (Dionigi de Carli, 1667). Influenced by Daniel Defore’s Robinson Crusoe, Simcha
42 6
beginning, we should recognize that we are dealing with Apocalypses and also with apocalyptic
1985אק
מ
'רהודה סוסהט
'
:
.
וח
ע
ה
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
197-20136
תוהז
28
197- no
28
היגולואידיאו הרבח ,תירמוח תוברת .)םיכרוע( .א ריאמ
ה
י
פיט
.)
:
1985
תועיבט' .)( .ג ,י
ס
:
'
י
.'
. been . 201 Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest, Recognizing the insanity of those who fostered such monstrous recent apocalyptic scenarios, Utopia of 1516; it envisioned an ideal world, like the ones described in the early Jewish
תוע
וס
'
ירבד / לארשי ץרא לש היגולואיכראב םישדח םינוויכ
הרדתק םת
ר
.'תוהז םתוח' תועיבט לש ףסונ סופיטרהודה ס
36תק
רב
תוע
ונ
ב
לש ף
ב
ט
ס
'
'מע .ד
ו
Jacobovici and Sean Kingsley estimate that without the enslavement of Africans, there would have
movements and actions. We have visions of near-perfect human societies like Thomas More’s
The Hope Supplied by Insightful Apocalypses
לז
'מע .ןג תמר .ט"נשתה ןויס ט"י ,ןליא רב תטיסרבינוא סנכה The
ה
רי
ת
ע
ה
ק
םי
רב
נו
)םסרופ אלש טרוטקוד(ה
סב
בר
פו
לשו
מו
לש
פצ
ףו
ת
ש
.
.)
אל
.
1985אק
וד(
ס
ק
.ג
רב
רב
29
ס
רוט
( .ג ,יאקרב
לת תטיסרבינוא .רופ
-י
וא
.
י
,י
ט
נ
.
)ם
.)(
לזרבה תפוקת ףוסב םילשורי לש הברעמו הנופצ1985
- called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple. 10 enables all of us to appreciate the uplifting benefit of ancient apocalypses that “promise” future apocalypses. If we cease pouring all wealth into preparation for a war that could annihilate all of
29
לת תט
96-102
John Hyrcanus, the Jewish Hasmonean leader who lived from 164 to 134 BCE and was high priest,
been no Industrial Revolution; no Western Civilization; no sugar; no islands; and no continent
Recognizing the insanity of those who fostered such monstrous recent apocalyptic scenarios,
Utopia of 1516; it envisioned an ideal world, like the ones described in the early Jewish
.ט
.ןושארה תיב
2000
ה ימי יהלשב םילשורי לש םידימאה עבור
64
7
הנשמה .)
-
ןורמושו הדוהי ירקחמ
progress of the human? .ביבא .ביבא wide -spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the Pentateuch, . The blessings. They constitute the positive hopes of antiquity. Jews and Christians were able to endure us, then we can work together, and have virtually unlimited wealth to help those who are destitute,
( .ג ,יאקרב led
10
invaded Samaria with his troops and burned, what they claimed, was the Samaritan temple.
apocalypses. If we cease pouring all wealth into preparation for a war that could annihilate all of
called America. Have we learned, finally, that “the worship of profit” is immoral and impedes all
enables all of us to appreciate the uplifting benefit of ancient apocalypses that “promise” future
םו
ח ינפ לא ן
ו
מו
ו
ףתכ
.לארשי ןואיזומ :םילשורי .רי ת
,י
'מע
.ג
ן
ואי
מטמ
:
תכ
ניה
.ג ,יאקרב
.לארשי
57-62
.)(
progress of the huma n? ז ומ :ם י לשורי . ם יל שו םילשורי תומוח ינפ לא ןומטמ- : ף םוניה .) -1986 1986אק ( רב . 30 . 30 to the parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus. . entateuch, led blessings. They constitute the positive hopes of antiquity. Jews and Christians were able to endure hungry, and lost. And the future would be assured and full only of blessings. If that continues to
wide-spread Jewish disdain for Samaritans, who believe in the divine origin of the P
us, then we can work together, and have virtually unlimited wealth to help those who are destitute,
7
murders, like the seven sons and mother described in 2 Maccabees 7 [probably a literary creation
הה
.י
-
.he parable of the Goo
1986
.
מ
והי
'
.םילשוריב הזורולוד היווב ןושארה תיבה ימימ םירבק תרעמ .)
. 107
י
hungry, and lost. And the future would be assured and full only of blessings. If that continues to
.יגולואיכראה טביההקדצ תרעמ .)
102-10743
that mirrored reality], and the annihilation of Early Jews from 30 to 70 and again in 132-135 in
-
והיקדצ תרעמ .)( .ג ,י
43רא
'מע .לאי
לאיראולואיכראה טב
In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories: 1986אק רב . 31 . 31 to t 5 םילשורי רקחב םישודיחd Samaritan in Luke, who attributed it to Jesus. 2000 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 65 murders, like the seven sons and mother described in 2 Maccabees 7 [probably a literary creation be a faint hope, are there only dreams and visions of a perfect life here or there?
102-
ע
( .ג ,יאקרב
.
ג
In the following study, I have organized my thoughts into seven categories:
.
,םיבושי .)םיכרוע( .א ,רשכ .מ ,יבכוכ ,.ש ,ץיבומינוב :ךותב .השאר ריעכ םילשורי
.) ( .ג
'מע
151-159
( .ג ,יאקרב
,םיבושי .)םי כ רוע( .א ,רשכ .מ ,י ב כ וכ ,.ש ,ץיב ומ י נ וב :ךותב .השאר רי ע כ ם י לשורי .) 1988 1988 ,י אק רב . 32 . 32 Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to that mirrored reality], and the annihilation of Early Jews from 30 to 70 and again in 132-135 in be a faint hope, are there only dreams and visions of a perfect life here or there?
ancient Palestine. Apocalypses spring out of the hearts of Jews and Christians who could not accept
ר
-
רפס .)םיכרוע( .ע ,רזמ ,.ש ,בוטיחא :ךותב .ןושארה תיבה ימיב םילשורי לש תורבקה יתב .)
ץ
תע
ראב
ץראב הלכלכו היסולכוא
6 ,ה"מ 6 ש ,ה"מרדאב ג י י נ ורהא ן נ חו י 'פורפ רכזל ן וי ע ה םו י י רב ד : הק י : הקיתעה תעב לארשי -הל כ לכ ו היס ולכ וא Continuing with this chronology, we pause to ponder Jesus, a devout Jew, who was condemned to ancient Palestine. Apocalypses spring out of the hearts of Jews and Christians who could not accept Unfortunately, the ancient authors also produced apocalypses that are dystopias (δυσ, “bad,”
( .ג ,יאקרב
שי
66
ת
ב
2000
שת רדאב גי ינורהא ןנחוי 'פורפ רכזל ןויעה םוי ירבדתעה
suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were
.
לא
that they had been abandoned by “the Creator of the World” (ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης; 2Mac 7:23).
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism?
What are the Most Important Insights from Research into Apocalypticism? 1985 ץרמב suffer and die from crucifixion. Sadly, according to the Gospels, too many of his fellow Jews were that they had been abandoned by “the Creator of the World” (ὁ τοῦ κόσμου κτίστης; 2Mac 7:23). Unfortunately, the ancient authors also produced apocalypses that are dystopias (δυσ, “bad,”
.
. 125
ע
ב
ןב קחצי די
'מע .יבצ
233-270
'מע . ץרמ
מ
.
םילשורי .ארקמה תפוקת :םילשורי
-
124-1251985
:
'
.
124-
and τόπος, “place”); that is compositions full of horrifying expectations. For example, the
behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
נ
פוג
'
,.ג
-"
ן
2001
אמ
ב
,אנ
םילשורי רקחב םישודיח
7
:ץי
שפי
תכ
67
-
רב
ץראבש םאר Do We Learn from Our Mistakes? ודי - ב ל ' - בל 'ש ,אנפוג 'ר לע .)( 1987,י ( .ת ,יונ ,.ג ,יאקרב . 33 behind his arrest and death. Yet, the movement he started eventually reshaped the world in which That comfort is especially true when fears, disappointments, wars, inexplicable hardships, or self- and τόπος, “place”); that is compositions full of horrifying expectations. For example, the
-
.)
,י
ץראבש םארחכשנ
-
ת
י
1987
אק
.ןושאר תיב ימי לש םילשוריב המלענ המוח .)
ונ
ר
תכיסמ" :ץישפיל 'נו ןודיש
33
( .ג ,יאקרב
ל
א
.ת
'
ו
ס
'מע .
אמ תחכשנ ןבאמ
.
ן
.
.
לע
39-44
unthinkable future was imagined by the author of 2 Enoch in Recension J:
we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity?
Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? we all live. For many, Christians and Jews, this episode is the pinnacle of horrors, before 70, in That comfort is especially true when fears, disappointments, wars, inexplicable hardships, or self- unthinkable future was imagined by the author of 2 Enoch in Recension J:
'מע .78
דק
ת
נ
82
מ
'מע ,)ז"משת( ט"י ,"תוינומדק" ,"ןימינב
ו
'מע .
57
77-78מד
-
145-146
תוי
-
ת( ט"
ק
.
5777
תוינומדק83
.ע
,"
ינו
.
לאירא
.
ש
ומ
'מ
ע
מ
.
י
82-83 ,)ז"
'
Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? " ," ן י מ י נ ב the Land of Israel. .דנלילוה ןולמבש םגדב ינש תיב ימי לש םילשוריב רויס .) 2001 ( .א ,רליש ,.ג ,יאקרב . 68 doubts might otherwise distort vision. Collectively, the pre-150 CE apocalyptists urge us not to
the Land of Israel.
Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically?
doubts might otherwise distort vision. Collectively, the pre-150 CE apocalyptists urge us not to
מ
.
וח
. 125
57-58לאירא
רי
1988
34
.
-
רב
ע
ת .)
.
מ
י
לאיראפוק
'
1988אק
'מע .58
104-
לשו
תל םי
104-12557
How May we Perceive a New Creation? .היתו .היתופוקתל םילשורי ימוחת .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 34 . 21-50 look horizontally but vertically. From literary sources, often recovered recently, and from focused And I [Enoch] saw all those from the age of my ancestors, with Adam and Eve.
And I [Enoch] saw all those from the age of my ancestors, with Adam and Eve.
look horizontally but vertically. From literary sources, often recovered recently, and from focused
How May we Perceive a New Creation?
םילויטה זכרל ןולע
1
. 152- . 155 'מ ע . 'מע .58 57-58לאירא לאיראוג .טאבוג רפסה תיב רוזאב םייגולואיכראה םידירשה .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 35 A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which archaeological research, it seems that there always has been an experienced discord on earth and And I sighed and burst into tears. And I said concerning their disreputable depravity, “Oh
.
ולואיכראה
רב
אב
152-15557
די
אב
רשה .)
רוז
.)םילשוריב םילייטמ תכרדה( תונורתפו םיישק .)
69
1988אק
1988
.ט
י
םי
ג
.
28-29
םי
.
ה תיב
-
35
רפס
2001
( .א ,רליש ,.ג ,יאקרב
.
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
And I sighed and burst into tears. And I said concerning their disreputable depravity, “Oh
archaeological research, it seems that there always has been an experienced discord on earth and
A little more than three decades after Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 or 33 CE, John of Gischala (which
םי
'מע .ד
נ
.)
2003
70
ע
םו
36
1989
ה תכ
.םילשורי לש ילבבה שוביכה תעב םעה
ה ף
מ
'מע .
'
( .ג יאקרב
חו
ף
. 37-76 . 37-7652 ה ר 52תק .ם י ל .םילשוריב םוניה ףתכמ ףסכ תויחול לע םינהוכה תכרב .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 36 is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש) imagined harmony in the blessed heaven. From the beginnings of our culture, the apocalyptists how miserable for me is my incapacity and that of my ancestors! And I thought in my heart
.
רב
.
9
.
נ
ל ל
י
כ
ב
םילשורי רקחב םישודיח
ע
הוכ
תכ
רב
ס
תיבו ךלמה ןומרא .)
-
1989אק
הרדתקשורי
תוי
מ
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
imagined harmony in the blessed heaven. From the beginnings of our culture, the apocalyptists
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
is Gush Halav; Ἰωάννης ἀπὸ Γισχάλων) representing Galilee, and Simon bar Giori (א ָרוֹיִּג רַּב ןוֹעְמ ִּש)
how miserable for me is my incapacity and that of my ancestors! And I thought in my heart
?םילשוריב תרחואמה הזנורבה תפוקתמ ירצמ שדקמ .)( .ג ,י
ם
י
ץ
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
רא
.
כ
לאר
.
94-106א"
. 94-106 ' מ ע . 'מע .א"כשי - לארשי? - ץראלשוריב ת רח ו אמ ה הזנ ורב ה תפוק תמ י רצ מ שדק מ .) 1990 1990אק רב . 37 . 37 . 21-28 have elevated human life with present dreams and teleological blessings. Many of us, not only and I said: ‘How blessed is the person who has not been born ….’”
have elevated human life with present dreams and teleological blessings. Many of us, not only
and I said: ‘How blessed is the person who has not been born ….’”
'
2003
לאירא
71
וקתב
תפ
.
א
ר
.םייגולואיכרא םירתאב הכרדה .)
:
161
מע .
( .ג ,יאקרב
א
ל
ש
: ביבא : לת . 'ג - ' ב - 'ג . 'ב לזרבה תפוקתר 9 קמ :ה ארקמה תפוקתב לארשילש ה יג ו לו איכרא ל אובמ .) .)( 1990אק רב . 38 . 38 8 8 See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the Jews and Christians, share the dream that God’s kingdom will come on earth and God again will [2En 41:1-2; Andersen in OTP 1.166]
.
ה
9
ת
.ג
73-76
-
ץ
ק
רא
( .ג ,יאקרב
ביבא לת לזרב
ת
-
,י
ץרא לש היגולואיכראל אובמ1990
פו
י
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
[2En 41:1-2; Andersen in OTP 1.166]
Jews and Christians, share the dream that God’s kingdom will come on earth and God again will
What do I think are the most important insights we may obtain from exploring apocalypticism and
See now Motti Aviam, “Yodfat: Uncovering a Jewish City in the Galilee from the Second Temple Period and the
רב
לאירא
2003
נ
72
161
.יגולואיכרא ןואיזומב הכרדה .)
( .ג ,יאקרב
'מע .
.
.החותפה הטי
.
י
79-80
ס
ואה ones
.החותפה הטיסרבינואה are
the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological dwell with his creatures. Then, as once imagined, we may all walk about with the LORD God,
the apocalyptic literature of Early Judaism and the origins of Christianity? Which ones are
dwell with his creatures. Then, as once imagined, we may all walk about with the LORD God,
Time of the Great Revolt,” Qadmoniot 32 (January 1999) 92-101 [in Hebrew]. Aviam, “The Archaeological
ה
.ר ,ןנוג ,.ד ,תימע :ךותב .ןושארמ that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are
לשורי
.ג
תורב
ְ
:ךותב
ושאר
ִּ
לש
,.ד
יתב .)(
ת
י
י
-
,י
תיב ימיב םילשוריוג
םי
-
י
מ
תב
רי
ק
especially
,תי
ב
.
.ר
ב
י
תיב ימי ב םי לשו worth נsharing? I shall start with one תיב ימיב םילשורי לש תורבקה.) -1990 1990אק רב . 39 . 39 Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative o 'מע . 161 לאירא .םילשוריב םילייטמ תכרדה .) 2003 ( .א ,רליש ,.ג ,יאקרב . 73 after a blistering and depleting day, in the cool breeze of the evening ( םיִִּ֛הלֱֹא הָָ֧והי לוֹ ֨ק־תֶא וּ ֞עְמְשי ַּו ַֽ ַֽ
-
,ן
.ן
ע
( .ג ,יאקרב
83-85f the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
after a blistering and depleting day, in the cool breeze of the evening ( םיִִּ֛הלֱֹא הָָ֧והי לוֹ ֨ק־תֶא וּ ֞עְמְשיַּו
ִּ
ְ
especially worth sharing? I shall start with one that is depressing and proceed to the ones that are
Illumination of Josephus’ Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla,” Making History: Josephus and Historical
ן
ב
( .א ,רליש ,.ג ,יאקרב
2003
חו
.
די
102-123ב
. 123
102-
י
-
74
promising. Let us h מ ע .י 'מע .יבצחצ ןב קחצי דילשורי .ch of them. נ ת ו יש רפ ,םי מו כי ס ,ת ו רוק מ : ן ו : ןושאר Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with םוֹּ֑יַּה ַּחוּ ֣ רְל ןָָּ֖גַּב ךְֵּ֥ לַּהְתִּמ; Gen 3:8).
ו
רחב
ת
'ope we
קy learn from ea
םי
:
םילשורי .רזע רמו
לאירא
161
רזע רמוחו תורחבנ תוישרפ ,םימוכיס ,תורוקמשאר
- ma
.
:
.הדצמב הכרדה .)
צ
'מע .
95-96
.
Method (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Among the plethora of publications on archaeology in Jerusalem, I am impressed with
םוֹּ֑יַּה ַּחוּ ֣ רְל ןָָּ֖גַּב ךְֵּ֥ לַּהְתִּמ; Gen 3:8).
promising. Let us hope we may learn from each of them.
. 70-75 . ' מ ע . 'מע .לאירא לאירא.דוד לדג מ ן ואי ז ומ ב תי רוט ס י הה הגו צתה תרוק י ב ל .) 1991 1991 ,רליש ,.ג י אק רב . 40 . 40 Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem: History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected
'מע .
( .ג ,יאקרב
.דוד לדגמ ןואיזומב תירוטסיהה הגוצתה תרוקיבל .)( .א
78
70-7578
2004
.
( .א ,רליש ,.ג יאקרב
89-93
75
.
10
י תונמא לש רכומ יתלב דירש .)
.תיבה רהמ תידוה
םילשורי רקחב םישודיח History, Archaeology, and Theology” in Keys to Jerusalem: Collected
Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s, “Jerusalem:
4
Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
Charlesworth, “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an angel,” in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and
'מע . that many archaeological books are too quickly dated by unexpected
.
לג
,ן
9-12
ה תפוק
וש
.
( .ג ,יאקרב
ע
מ
ב
'
י
ג
לגה"
,
י
לג .)
תי
'
מ
תב
היפר
תה ל
צ
'מע .אירא
ותח
ג
לאיראארק
. 86-87 . 86-8778 ל 78 ." ."ארקמה תפוקתב תיבושי היפרגואיג ,ןותחתה לילגה" , :לע צ ' 1991 1991אק רב . 41 . 41 Essays (Oxford: OUP, 2012). I confess 165-166 לאירא .ודוחיו םולשבא ןוכמ .) 2004 ( .א ,רליש ,.ג ,יאקרב . 76 4 Paradigms, edited by J.J. Collins and G.W.E. Nickelsburg. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12. (Chico, CA: Scholars
:לע .)( .ג ,י
ואי
Charlesworth, “The Portrayal of the Righteous as an angel,” in Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and
discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades.
3-4ינו ד"כמד תוינומדקלשורי תו דלותל ס לטא" ,ע ב ג ' ה :לע .) 1991 1991אק רב . 42 . 42 discoveries, and that Motti and Jerry were close friends and interlocutors for decades. 2004 dates before . the Paradigms, edited by J.J. Collins and G.W.E. Nickelsburg. Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12. (Chico, CA: Scholars
. 127
.
4
.ןושארה תיבה ימי לש םילשורי רקחב דוסי יווק .)
ו
( .ג ,יאקרב
."םילשורי תודלותל סלטא" ,עבג 'ה :לע .)( .ג ,י
ת
165-166
,
128-
77
מ
'מע ,"כ
ק
."
-
ע
( .ג ,יאקרב
9
128-1273
םי
'
ד
Note the
15-30 kaph
. medial
'מע . in final position;
לאיראit is an indication that the source of the manuscript
Press, 1980) pp. 135-51.
9 introduction of final forms. Press, 1980) pp. 135-51.
6
Note the medial kaph in final position; it is an indication that the source of the manuscript dates before the
5
-
'מע .ג"כשי
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
ץרא
א
-
לאר
ץר
.
ט
57-66
1992
כ
.)
תוע
113-128"
1992אק
. 128
םע םי
תצוב
.ג
ק
די
נ
ב
ק
תוי
ע
י
.
מ
רב
113-
'
נ
ק
43
לארשי .הדוהימ םת
וח
.
6 London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15. .הדוהימ םתוח תועיבט םע םינקנק תוידי תצובק .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 43 introduction of final forms. 'מע . 14 ןורמושו הדוהי ירקחמ .ארקמה תפוקתב םוניה - ןב איג .) 2005 ( .ג ,יאקרב . 78 manuscripts of this pseudepigraphon. See Geller’s “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch: Text and Context,” in Beyond 5 For more, see Charlesworth, “Fifty Years of Research on Apocalyptic Perspectives Preserved in the
Simcha Jacobovici and Sean Kinglsey, Enslaved: The Sunken History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York,
10
For more, see Charlesworth, “Fifty Years of Research on Apocalyptic Perspectives Preserved in the Old Testament
the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Professor Geller sent me a prepublication copy. The earliest text for 2 Enoch dates to
,י
.
דוד ריע .)
( .ג ,יאקרב
1
.םיגשומ ןולימ
המודקה םילשוריו דוד ריע ירקחמ
:
2006
.עבג ללה לש ויתוגשה לע הבוגת ?ט"יה האמה ירפוח לש םתונימאב קפס ליטהל עודמ .)(
.
'מע .
7-19
( .ג ,יאקרב
.ג
79
.עבג לל ה לש וי תוג ש ה לע הב ו ג ת ? ט " י ה האמה י ר פוח לש םת ונ י מ אב ק פס ליט ה ל ע ודמ .) 1992 1992אק רב . 44 . 44 10 Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been manuscripts of this pseudepigraphon. See Geller’s “2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch: Text and Context,” in Beyond Pseudepigrapha” in the proceedings of the Munich congress, to be edited by L.T. S
7
Ibid., pp. xv, 3.
London: Pegasus Books, 2022) esp. pp. 3-15.
the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 2010). Professor Geller sent me a prepublication copy. The earliest text for 2 Enoch dates to
1073.
is found in that publication.
Pseudepigrapha” in the proceedings of the Munich congress, to be edited by L.T. Stuckenbruck. A full bibliography
Samaritans informed me on Mount Gerizim that they never had a temple and that their sacrifices have always been
in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area.
םילשורי רקחב םישודיח
רהמ רפע ןוניס טקייורפ
ינו
:
.)
ו
11
תיבה
.
ק
-
ת
'מע .
'מע .
.ינושאר ח"וד
2006
7 Ibid., pp. xv, 3. . 58 . 'מע 5897/98 97/98מד תוינומדק in pits dug into the ground. If so, John Hyrcanus most likely destroyed buildings in the area. (.י ,גיוצ ,.ג ,יאקרב . 80 1073. is found in that publication.
י
תרי
. 41-58 . 41-583 'מע .לו 3א היגולואיכרא ן .ןוינק ןילתק לש התריפח תוטישל .)( .ג ,י ( .ג ,יאקרב . 45 . 213-237
ה
45
.
וי
ו
רב
'
1992
.
ע
.ן
רא
פח
תוט
מ
1992אק
י
של .)
לש ה
יג
לתק
ק
יכ
נ
4 XXVII 2
