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Gabriel
Tell this Man the Meaning of his Vision (Daniel, 8:16)
Studies in Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography
and the Biblical World in Honor of Gabriel Barkay
Barkay sorting small artifacts at the Temple Mount Sifting Project
th
On the Occasion of his 80 Birthday (22 June 2024)
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour
Barkay sorting small artifacts at the Temple Mount Sifting Project
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum)
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum)
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour
Barkay sorting small artifacts at the Temple Mount Sifting Project
have been able to deal with such a variety of material and periods, especially when it appears
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum)
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
This project could not have been formed without Dr. Barkay. Only a scholar of his type would
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris
Barkay guiding a group on a Temple Mount tour
mainly as small fragmented artifacts. Archaeology nowadays has formed into a science of
(Photo: Tal Rozenbaum) received the permit and established
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally received the permit and established
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally
have been able to deal with such a variety of material and periods, especially when it appears
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris
This project could not have been formed without Dr. Barkay. Only a scholar of his type would
expertise, and archaeologists hardly know anything about material culture which is not their
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of
mainly as small fragmented artifacts. Archaeology nowadays has formed into a science of
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally received the permit and established
have been able to deal with such a variety of material and periods, especially when it appears
expertise. Only an old-school archaeologist with extensive knowledge and openness to new
In 2001, I collaborated with Gabi in obtaining a permit to conduct an official study of the debris
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of
expertise, and archaeologists hardly know anything about material culture which is not their
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of
mainly as small fragmented artifacts. Archaeology nowadays has formed into a science of
approaches and methods would have been able to cope with material such as that found in the
Edited by
removed from the Temple Mount, and in 2004 we finally received the permit and established
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
expertise. Only an old-school archaeologist with extensive knowledge and openness to new
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of
expertise, and archaeologists hardly know anything about material culture which is not their
Temple Mount Sifting Project.
Robert Deutsch and André Lemaire
the Temple Mount Sifting Project. We thought it would last several months with the help of
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
approaches and methods would have been able to cope with material such as that found in the
expertise. Only an old-school archaeologist with extensive knowledge and openness to new
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
some archaeology students and volunteers, but eventually, after realizing the great potential of
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
Temple Mount Sifting Project.
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
approaches and methods would have been able to cope with material such as that found in the
the wet sifting technique and its educational value, it became a lifetime project. More than
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
Temple Mount Sifting Project.
250,000 people have participated in the project, an unprecedented phenomenon in the history
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
of archaeological research. This project combined several aspects of Barkay's best interests and
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
qualities: instruction to the general public, the great variety of artifacts and periods, small finds,
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
Manuscript editing: Pamela Meron
interest in people, and finally the love for Jerusalem.
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
This project is the first time that archaeological data has been retrieved from the Temple Mount
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
earth, and although the finds were not revealed in-situ, much information can be studied from
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
2012
ay
k
Gabriel
,
Gabriel Barkay, 2012
B
a
r
them since we know they come from the Temple Mount and the large quantity of finds enables
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
sc
(Photo by Robert Deutsch)
eut
ober
t
h
R
D
)
(Photo by 12
advanced statistical analysis. Half a million finds from 120 categories have been retrieved and
12
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
kept in our storages so far. The analysis and publication process of this material is a huge task,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
12
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
and we've been working on it for more than a decade. The project has yielded many discoveries,
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
12
some of which have already been published, such as: evidence for the First Temple treasury,
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor patterns that decorated Herod's Temple courts,
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
evidence that the Temple Mount was occupied to some extent during the Byzantine Period,
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First
Tel-Aviv, Israel
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel
Barkay guiding a group of visitors to the Temple Mount Sifting Project
evidence that the eastern section of the Temple Mount served as a dump site since the Mamluk
Temple period.
Temple period.
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First
Archaeological Center Publications
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
period, and evidence that the Iron Age pottery from the TMSP is similar to that in the Ophel
Barkay guiding a group of visitors to the Temple Mount Sifting Project
Temple period.
2024
excavation, which indicates that both areas were part of the Royal Compound during the First
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
Barkay guiding a group of visitors to the Temple Mount Sifting Project
Temple period.
(Photo: Temple Mount Sifting Project)
See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading
12
12
12
See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading
See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading
12
XIX
incor
lso
be
sugg
CONTENTS
e
sted
both Y a See list of publication at project's website: tmsifting.org/en/further-reading identi f y in g the sit e with This project could not have been formed without Dr. Barkay. Only a scholar of his type would
to
He
a
nd
turne
din
Ah
c
t.
roni
Throughout those years until 2017, he never stopped teaching at Jerusalem University College,
a
d out
a
re
both Yadin and Aharoni turned out to be incorrect. He also suggested identifying the site with
the pla c e n a med MMS T that a ppe a rs on the L M LK jar ha ndles. which became a second home for him. The college has provided storage space for the finds
the place named MMST that appears on the LMLK jar handles.
The last e x c a va ti on B a r ka y dir e c ted du rin g his y e a rs a t T e l A viv Unive r sit y wa s a s a lva g e from Ketef Hinnom, hosted his 60th birthday party, and also awarded him the rank of professor,
The last excavation Barkay directed during his years at Tel Aviv University was a salvage
s
the Éc
of
excava ti on a t Kiri y a th - J e a rim in 1995 unde a r e the a u ic a l C e nte r L td. ibl ique. I t wa s the fir st a title he should have received many years earlier at Tel Aviv University. Many of his students
spice
ole B
excavation at Kiriyath-Jearim in 1995 under the auspices of the École Biblique. It was the first
og
r
c
h
Robert Deutsch
ol
© 202
4 A
© 2024 Archaeological Center Ltd.
Foreword
IX
excava ti on a t the sit e , whic h wa s r e c e ntl y e x c a va ted a g a in b y a joi nt tea m fr om T e l A viv at the college volunteered in the excavations he directed and wrote dissertations under his
excavation at the site, which was recently excavated again by a joint team from Tel Aviv
and André Lemaire
ht
All ri
All rights reserved
g
se
ve
r
d
s r
e
d
e
on
e
g
è
oll
e
n oc
sit
Unive University and Collège de France. The excavation found that the site had been occupied since supervision. Barkay has also taught many courses at other institutions and supervised Master's
ti
a
r
c
upi
F
x
nc
va
ha
Th
a
a
y
e
c
that the
rsit
.
e
e
d since
e
found
d be
nd C
e
Printed in Israel by
d i
n I
l
e
Printe
sr
riod
pe
unti
Printed in Israel of an Iron Age II building with
n ti
mes.
thi
oli
re
un
d
c
e
moder
aremains
He
the Ne the Neolithic period until modern times. He uncovered remains of an Iron Age II building with and Doctorate dissertations as an external supervisor.
c
ov
l
Zachi Dvira
X
Gabriel Barkay - A Living Legend Archaeologist
a destruction layer that probably dates to the 8th century. 11 11 He had the reputation of being a strict and punctual supervisor. He earned this reputation due
Zilumei Boroch
ov & Photo Or
ZILUMEI BOROCHOV & PHOTO OR
a destruction layer that probably dates to the 8th century.
to his extensive knowledge, which made him a very critical scholar. Sitting next to Gabi at
------
XXII
Bibliography of Gabriel Barkay
r
in
g Car
e
e
Teach Teaching Career academic conferences and hearing all his remarks about relevant archaeological data that the
Since the beginning of Barkay's studies at Tel Aviv University in 1970, he was appointed as a
1970, he
s
Since the be g inni n g of B a rka y 's studi e ont t T e l v A viv Unive rsit i n in m wa s a ppoint e d a s a speaker forgot to mention is an experience in itself.
y
a
On the
co
f
:
On the front cover: Ketef Hinnom
r
o
n
ef H
K
et
er
lecturer. Initially, he taught a special program for the spouses of the diplomatic corp, and since
lecture r . I nit iall y , he t a u ght a spe c ial pro g r a m for t he spouses of the dipl omatic c orp , a nd sin c e PART I – BIBLICAL STUDIES
n a
ly
ule
ne
e
Priest
ic
d
o
m
B
ti
t
students
ome
it
t
S
inst
1972, he ha s be e n tea c hing students a Priestly Benediction amulet ha ve be c ome we ll - Temple Mount
of
the
his
1972, he has been teaching students at the institute. Some of his students have become well-
ute.
ard
(Draw
a Y
(Drawing by Ada Yardeni)
by
i
known a rc h a e olo g ist s. A mong them we n g the Ate Adam e n i ) A major change in Gabi's life, and in mine, occurred in 1999, when I was a third-year
a
l
d late Adam Zertal, Mordechai Aviam, Yehuda Zertal, Mordechai Aviam, Yehuda
re
known archaeologists. Among them were the
1:1 James Charlesworth
Apocalyptic Expectations: Condemnations or
Dagan, a nd I sra e l F inkelst e in. I n 1975, he a lso b e ga n tea c hin g a t J e rusa lem Unive rsit y C oll e ge Archaeology student at Bar-Ilan University. Together with my friend and classmate, Aran
Dagan, and Israel Finkelstein. In 1975, he also began teaching at Jerusalem University College
Benedictions? What May We Learn from
along with his other duties.
along with hi s ot he r dutie s. Yardeni, we conducted a brief survey of the debris that had been destructively and illegally
Perusing Archaeological Discoveries and Early
In 1997, after 27 years of teaching, he was dismissed from the Tel Aviv University Institute of
In 1997, a fte r 27 y e a rs o f tea c hin g , h e w a s di smi ssed f rom the T e l A viv Uni ve rsit y I nsti tut e of excavated at the Temple Mount by the Muslim Awaqf, and dumped in the Kidron Valley. We
Apocalypses?
1
inc
round
g
s
the
s
of
e
d
hin
pit
s
e
g
wa
t
e
c
olog
st
y
nc
a
Archa Archaeology staff on the grounds of teaching incompetence. This was despite the fact that he needed help identifying and dating the small broken artifacts we had collected. After presenting
e
e
that he
f
This
on the
fa
c
ompete
.
a
f
t
for
e
ll
e
the
e
e
v
c
n won
x
e
i
was a was a senior lecturer and had even won the Yigal Alon Prize for teaching excellence. His them to three senior lecturers at the university, we realized we needed better expertise. 28
l
Alon P
ga
riz
nc
Y
His
.
e
r
se
ture
a
n
t
hi
nio
a
e
r
c
c
le
d ha
d e
ng
1:2 David Blumenthal
Psalm 49: A Meditation on Death
dismiss a l oc c urr e d a lon gside man y othe r staf f me mber s whe n a n e w dir e c ti on wa s take n a t the We had little personal acquaintance, besides attending his class. We held much awe for him
dismissal occurred alongside many other staff members when a new direction was taken at the
institute. F or a short t im e in 1997, B a rka y l e c tur e d a t B e n - Gu rion Unive rsit y , a nd he wa s and were shy about addressing him on the issue. Eventually, we overcame our reservations and
institute. For a short time in 1997, Barkay lectured at Ben-Gurion University, and he was
From Writing Exercise to Literary Masterpiece:
1:3 Aaron Demsky
eventuall y a ppoint e d a s a se nior lec tu re r a t B a r - Ila n Unive rsit y (1998 - 201 1). S ince 2008, h e gave him a call on a Friday noon. To our great surprise, he told us we could come and meet
eventually appointed as a senior lecturer at Bar-Ilan University (1998-2011). Since 2008, he
34
Hebrew Epigraphy and Biblical Literature
also bega n tea c hin g a t t h e R othber g I nte rna ti ona l S c hool at the H e bre w U n iver sit y . him at his home right away. I will never forget his excitement when we came over and presented
also began teaching at the Rothberg International School at the Hebrew University.
the dirty material on his dining table, and I will never forget his ability to identify and date
1:4 Jan Dušek Remembering the Covenant in Beer-Sheba: םלוע
almost all of the artifacts. Instead of criticizing us for conducting an archaeological survey
47
in Genesis 21:33 and Some Epigraphic Evidence
without an official license, which also allegedly had little archaeological value (as many
archaeologists thought at the time), he was thrilled to inspect the artifacts and praised us by
Josiah’s Name for His Book of Torah. Stance
1:5 Baruch Halpern
quoting the Mishna, Tractate Avot 2:5: "In a place where there are no men, strive to be a man."
60
Change in Biblical Citation.
Following this, Barkay and others established the Committee for the Prevention of Destruction
of Antiquities on the Temple Mount. This committee is a group of archaeologists, intellectuals,
1:6 Yigal Levin
The Growth of Pre-exilic Jerusalem According
and other prominent individuals in Israeli society who act to prevent further destruction of
to the Book of Chronicles
79
antiquities at the Temple Mount. Barkay and the late Eilat Mazar were the prominent
archaeologists in the committee, which was very active in the years 2000-2012 and conducted
102
1:7 Meir Lubetski
Tāḥmās: What are You?
many meetings with senior officials and politicians, filed several petitions to the Supreme
Court, and brought to the media's attention many incidents of antiquities destruction that
1:8 Steven M. Ortiz
occurred on the Temple Mount. The Battle at Gob: An analysis of the Gezer-Gob 119
Issue in 2 Samuel 21:18 and Chronicles 20:4
Their actions gradually became fruitful, as the public and government officials became more
t
e
h
e
R
o
Un
b
er
i
v
g
g
s
at
A Note on ‘Ten Holinesses’ (Mishnah Kelim 1,
it
er
Teachin Teaching at the Rothberg International School at the Hebrew University and more aware of the importance of preserving the antiquities of the Temple Mount, which
w
h
y
t
t th
atio
l a
n
o
r
Heb
e
al
n
1:9 Ronny Reich
ter
o
n
I
Sch
(Photo: Kate Brooks)
(Photo: K ate B r o o k s ) even led the State Comptroller to conduct an extensive inquiry on the issue, and as for today,
6-9) and the Herodian Temple Mount in
and Yuval Baruch
131
Jerusalem
no construction or renovation takes place on the Temple Mount without the approval and
supervision of the Israel Antiquity Authority and some other authorities
ISBN 978-965-7162-25-5
ISBN 978 - 965 - 7162 - 25 - 5
11
C. McKinny, O. Schwartz, G. Barkay, A. Fantalkin, and B. Zissu (2018). “Kiriath-Jearim (Deir el-‘Azhar):
11 C. Mc Kin n y , O. Sc h w ar tz, G. B ar k ay , A . Fa n tal k i n , an d B . Z is s u ( 2 0 1 8 ) . “ Kir iath - J ea r i m ( Deir el - ‘ A z h ar ) :
tio
E
n
el
xp
Jo
a
r
n
r
s
l
I
a
a
u
r
lo
g
o
Archae Archaeological Investigations of a Biblical Town in the Judean Hill Country”. Israel Exploration Journal 68. pp
lo
u
J
d
an
e
i
n
n
e
th
Hill
tr
n
y
”.
o
C
u
68.
pp
w
a
tig
tio
s
n
I
ical
n
es
v
ib
B
lical
T
o
o
f
a
30-49. 30-49.
XVII
