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conducting online feedback such as (Dathumma & Singhasiri, 2015; Ebadi &

Alizadeh, 2021; Ebadi & Rahimi, 2017; Latifi et al., 2020; Lin, 2019).

The final FA concept is the formative use of summative testing, which

means that students should be familiar with the summative assessment

components, and the features should be consistent with the formative

assessment components. The writing exam and scoring rubrics utilized as

summative assessment components during teaching-learning were similar in

this study. This condition is consistent with the findings of Wininger (2005),

who found that formative summative assessment (FSA) enhanced students'

comprehension by 10% compared to its counterpart, which improved only 2%.

The FSA approach was well received by the studentss who used it.

4. The Multipurpose Assessment Model aligns the Kurikulum Merdeka

Outcome-Based Education (OBE) is a method employed to adapt to the

needs of 21st-century education. Bridging the gap between the higher education

system and the demands of innovation in the workplace is a challenge for

education in the twenty-first century. OBE is an educational framework that

prioritizes attaining learning outcomes as Kurikulum Merdeka recommends

(Junaidi et al, 2020). Education focuses not only on completing required courses

but also on the outcomes and achievements. OBE is an approach that prioritizes

the sustainability of the learning process through innovation, interactivity, and

effectiveness. Implementing OBE has a comprehensive impact on the entirety

of the educational process, commencing with the curriculum design.

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