Page 56 - PPW (Paper Proposal Writing)

Citation 1 Citation 2

According to Nickerson (1999), an effective Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective

communication requires an individual to
communication depends on a generally
“have a reasonably accurate idea of what accurate knowledge of what the

they do and do not know that is pertinent to audience knows. If a speaker assumes

the communication. Treating people as
too much knowledge about the subject,
though they have knowledge that they do the audience will either misunderstand

not have can result in miscommunication or be bewildered.

and perhaps embarrassment” (p.737).

1. In your opinion, why do we need to write citation when borrowing others’ ideas?

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2. What is the method we used in Citation 1?

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3. What is the method we used in Citation 2?

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4. How both methods are different?
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After discussing the questions above, learn the following terms and read the explanation on
th
the basic rules of citation in APA 7 Edition.
Terms Definition Terms Definition

APA American Psychology Summary A brief statement of
Association main points
Citation The acknowledgment of In-text citation The brief form of a
others’ ideas cited in our reference included in
work the body text
Quotation A copy of exact words End-text citation A reference list of the
taken from a source cited sources used in a
text
Paraphrase A restatement of others’ Surname Last name
idea using our own words

How do you cite? It is a formal citation to a source that you used to get information

for your research work, whether it was published or not. Since effective research almost never

occurs spontaneously and without any prior work on the issue, the requirement for other

48 Paper Proposal Writing