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I         a pen?  I want to write  down  your
         We use must + infinitive to say something  is certain.
         MiEa  is *oaKin$.  lt muel b* raining.                       emai[  address.  (borrow)
         We use can't + infinitive to say something  is impossible.
         l't can't be trua 5am   with me last night                   (get  tosO
                         'nras
         Logieal  deductions about the past                           Jessica isn't going  out tonight because she   for
                                                                      tomorrow's  exam.  (study)
         We use naylmightlcould  + have + past participte  to say
                                                                 F:.1
         something  was possible  in the  past.
                                                                    ;  Cotloquial omissions
                                                                 lv  I
         It'a rtrange  thal ha hasn't  phonad. He might have loit hi* mobile.
                                                                 ln informal  spoken Engtish  we can sometimes teave out words
         We use must + have + past participte  to make a strong
         supposition  about something  in the past.              at the beginning  of a sentence if the meaning is very  clear.
                                                                 These words are not stressed in spoken Engtish when they are
        dohn  vrar off worK lasi wrK, Hs muat havc  bo*n ilt.
                                                                 included  in a sentence.
         We use can't  + have + past participle  to say it was impossible
                                                                 Articles
         that something  happened  in the past.
        -thrv                                                    Wh1 did   catch iha bus? (Ihe) Trains  aren't running todal
            didn't Know anl,ihing  about ths.film  so ihal can't have xon rl.  1ou
                                                                 Possessive  pronouns
         1  Cross out the modat  verb that cannot  comptete  the sentence.  Ara  1ou   0K? No. (ta1) Hrad hurts.  t thinx l'vs gol a migraina.
           Try to  iustifu  your  choice.
                                                                 Subject pronouns
            1 He  -   watk for a year after his accident.  He went around  whai did   Ba1?  ff)  Lan't hrar   -lhs  mu*ic'e  too loud
              in a wheelchair.                                          10u               1ou!
                                                                 Auxitiary verbs  and personaI pronouns at the beginning of
              a coutdn't  b wasn't able to  c shouldn't
                                                                 questions
              c - asuldn'l and uasn't able to elprcss no abilitl,
                                                                 (Have    goen  lo lho cintma rzcenl\1?
              ahouldn't  is normali'1  ured for advics                1ou)
                                                                 No v{hai'a  on?
           2 She     have teft her mobite in the coffee shop.
                                                                 Negative  forms can be replaced by not
                 -
              Her mum called whi[e she was there.
              a mighl        b can            c could
           3 i     get my hair cut -  it looks awful.            (Ho ion't) Not  happ1, l'm afraid.
              a must         b can't          c have to          --E
               -
           4 You  park  on a double yellow  line or you'[[ get  a fine.  Is;!  The passive
              a don't have to  b can't        c mustn't          We make  passive  forms  with the verb be + past participle.
           5      I stay at your house tonight?  l,ve missed  the last bus
              home.
              -
              a Can          b May            c Must
              They  -  wait in the gueue.  They had already bought
              their tickets.
              a mustn't      b didn't  need to  c didn't have to
              We    buy a leaving present for Mary. She,s been such
                -
              a good  boss.
              a ought to     b shoutd        c woutd
           8 lt's 2.30 p.m. George  ==- have arrived in Beijing by now.
             a can           b must          c witl
        2  Comptete the sentences with  a suitable modalverb  and the
           verb in brackets.  More than one answer may be possible.
           1 I don't mind our school uniform  because  we
             a tie.  (wear)
           2 To reduce  carbon emissions people     public       The passive  is used to talk about  processes.
             transport  more. (use)                              tne car* are laKen from ihe factorl and then ihrl ara lran*ported
          ,3  My mother         until she was 40. She passed  her  all ovor  Europe.

             test on her birthday.  (drive)  :                   The passive is used when we don't want to say or we can't say
           4 ll         John that:called.  He said he would. (be)
                                                                 -thi6
           5 You          your mobile  phone white you're  driving.  booE wag rrrttlsn  in'ths flth canturl buf the auihor ir unKnoum,
                 -
             It's ittegat. (use)
                     -
    3,*& I *r**:xxr i3*ii**y a*d ffef*r*xee
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