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加中金融
抓住这 5-10 年,中国自己制造业为代表的实体经济的升级, During the next 5 to 10 years, if China’s own manufacturing
能不能走到中高端,去接近高端?这个目标实现了,才能避免 industry can be upgraded, and can approach the high-end, China
在高端和低端两头挤压之下,我们落入中等收入陷阱的不利局 can avoid falling into the middle-income trap. In terms of the
面。如果我们迟迟地总是比不上高端,总是被人压着,而低端 cost of low-end of the industry chain, it is no longer competitive,
compared with Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh and so on. We
的成本早已经比拼不了越南、柬埔寨、孟加拉等,我们中间这 have to vacate the cages. But after vacating the cages, whether
条路是不是越来越窄呢?腾笼换鸟,是不得不腾笼,之后能不
the birds can be changed later will be the key issue.
能实现换鸟,则是关键。
How can we really vacate the cage to change birds? We must
怎么样能够真正腾笼换鸟升级发展?一定要讲制度供给,提供 focus on the supply-side reform on the institutional systems and
高标准法治化营商环境。从上海自贸区开始,领导人就有非常 legal environment for private enterprises. The government
清醒的意识,还不只是政策的问题,重头戏是改革的问题—— should make strong efforts in maintaining fair competition,
改革的基本的理念,在企业这方面,弄清楚“准入前国民待遇” protecting property rights, and achieving neutrality in
competition. How to really implement would be a big test of
定位之后,要让他们面对“负面清单”,即法无禁止即可为,
reforms.
海阔凭鱼跃天高任鸟飞,充分发挥潜力活力、试错力、创造力,
而政府方面不管调控说得多么冠冕堂皇,要约束着适用“正面 The core issues at the micro level are still about how to
清单”,法无授权不可为,而且“有权必有责”,要有全套绩 rejuvenate the enterprises. Whether state-owned or private
效考评和问责制。政府要把自己的工作放在维护公平竞争、保 enterprises, either have their own problems. At the micro level,
with the support of the high-standard rule of law business
护产权、实现竞争中性的环节上。这个理念非常好,怎么样真
environment, we should pay special attention to the issue of
正落实,就是改革攻坚克难的考验了。
investment and financing innovation and how to maintain the
我们微观层面的核心问题,在宏观层面条件的制约下,仍然是 capital chain.
怎样让企业焕发活力。国有企业、民营企业都有自己的难题, IV.The Fiscal and Monetary Policies
实体经济升级发展,在最近这段时间人们讨论非常多,有种种
The direction of the policy support has been very clear. The tax
不利因素、不良预期,同时要看到毕竟还是有成长空间带来的
cuts in the fiscal policy are on the way, but objectively speaking,
积极性,要投资,要创业,要发展。在微观层面,有前面说到
its range of cuts has been narrowed compared to previous years.
的高标准法治化营商环境配套之下,我们应特别重视的投融资
Most importantly, it is to reduce the burden. In addition,
创新问题,资金链怎么样保持的问题(现在六保中专门有保产 increasing the deficit rate of the finance, making good use of
业链供应链的要求,而且“供应链金融创新要由核心企业带动 local special debts and expanding the scale of special debts,
中小微、带动上下游”)。疫情冲击之下,先生存后发展,怎 should further increase the level of the entire economy, the scale
么样保生存、怎么样促发展,正要求交出尽可能高水平的答卷。 of government investment and effective social investment in a
meaningful way.
四、财政与货币政策
Monetary policy is flexible and accommodating. It is a question
政策支持的帮扶导向已经很清楚,两会上把非常之时的非常之 of how to operate in the channel of both interest rate and reserve
策基本要领,都交待出来。财政政策上的减税现在继续做,但 cuts. These two cuts provide greater liquidity support in terms
是客观上来讲它的空间和前几年相比已经在收窄,更多的是要 of “expanding domestic demand”. The fiscal sector must
actively consider structural optimization. Taken together, the
减负;财政提高赤字率,用好地方专项债和扩大专项债规模,
two major policies should also maintain the basic stability of
应该进一步在整个经济中实现水平上升、有所作为的扩大政府
China’s stock and bond markets.
投资和社会有效投资规模。
With greater attention to the small and medium-sized
货币政策灵活宽裕.货币政策方面,大家可看清楚,是在降息 enterprises, there is the special national debt in the amount of 1
降准通道里怎么出手操作的问题。两大政策在“扩大内需”的 trillion RMB, plus the increase of 1 trillion RMB in terms of the
需求这方面给出更大流动性支撑,同时财政更要积极考虑结构 deficits.
优化问题。两大政策合在一起,也要注意维护中国的股市和债
市基本稳定。对这些,中央的文件和指导方针是非常明确的我
们已看到了高层领导非常明确的意向。在对中小企业情况高度
重视之下,保中小企业和让他们渡过难关的措施,现在越来越
明显地加快落实,特别国债在一万亿的数量上,加上赤字率提
高的一万亿,现在要合成一个特别、特定的转移支付全套安排。
从中央往下走,省级还有很多的市,是“过路财神”,一分钱
都不能动,一直要落到地方基层,落到一线。现在更多要应对
中小微企业、特别是小微企业怎么化解困难这样一个现实问题。
以财政贴息来形成的救助小微企业的贷款,它落到各地以后,
怎么样面对千家万户?那么多小微企业,这是一个对工作系统
现实的挑战和考验,但是一定要在实际工作、实行帮扶过程中
间,尽可能把它做到迅速,以及尽可能的公平(绝对的公平很
难说)。因为有这么多的小微企业,这些贴息贷款每家能拿多
少,为什么有的多一点,有的少一点,一刀切不行,那怎么切?
都是实际的考验。弄得不好,拉关系处关系乌烟瘴气,这个情
况是很容易发生的。但我们别无选择,必须阳光化地优化监督,
必须尽可能在机制上把创新的东西加进去以后,使普惠的政策
支持,不至于受到多么严重的扭曲。
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