Page 12 - CCFA Journal - Sixth Issue
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宏观经济 MacroEcon 加中金融
中国经济增长预测的约束和挑战
The Challenges and Constraints of Chinese Economic Growth
Dr. Ting Lu
【陆挺在北京大学取得经济学学士和硕士,此后于美国加州大学伯克利分校获得经济学博
士。2006 年加入美林全球宏观研究部,后担任美国银行美林证券大中华区首席经济学家和
董事总经理。2015 年初至 2018 年五月期间在华泰证券担任研究所所长、首席经济学家和
董事总经理。2018 年 5 月加入野村证券,担任董事总经理和中国首席经济学家。陆挺在业
内获得多项荣誉,包括 2010 和 2011 年被彭博通讯社评为预测最准确的中国经济学家。
2013 至 2015 年连续三年蝉联国际最权威的《机构投资者》杂志亚洲区经济学家排名第
一,2021 年《财资》亚洲债券市场经济学家排名第一。陆挺也是特许金融分析师 (CFA),
并担任香港中国金融协会副主席等社会职务】
2020 年春,面对新冠疫情暴发对宏观经济的巨大冲击,中央果断放弃设置当年的 GDP 增长目标;2021 年初经济复苏时,
又恢复设定“6%以上”目标。过去两年的一弃一守,体现了中央的灵活应变。当前经济下行压力较大,虽然政策调整宽松
也在进行之中,但各种风险因素叠加,各界对今年中国经济形势判断的分歧是历年来最大的一次。对于中央政府来讲,如
何设定 2022 年 GDP 增长目标就是一个非常棘手的难题。疫情前还被视为天经地义的“保六”几乎销声匿迹。以社科院为
代表的主流意见是“5%以上”,也有不少机构建议设置更高但也更有弹性的“5.5%左右”。
笔者认为,当前经济下行压力较大,既有周期性因素,也有长期结构性因素。宽松刺激政策已经逐渐铺开,但受种种限
制,空间较为有限,保增长很难找到有效的抓手,“5.5%左右”的增长目标有些过高。新冠疫情对宏观经济的影响不可低
估,但疫情本身难于预测,不确定性非常大,因此不宜设置 5%这样的底线。
综合考虑各种因素,中央更宜设置“5%左右”这个更有弹性的目标。事实上,“5%左右”也是一个很高的目标,平均的季
度 GDP 环比增速必须从 2021 年的约 0.8%大幅上升至 2022 年的 1.4%左右,中央政府必须出台更大规模的宽松刺激政策才
能达此目标。这里需要说明的是,2021 年虽然设置了 6%的增长底线,但这个底线的意义不大,原因是受疫情冲击,2020
年一季度中国 GDP 增速只有-6.8%,全年只有 2.2%,因此对 2021 年来讲,形成极低的比较基数。若和 2019 年比较,2021
年 6%的 GDP 增长对应于只有 4.1%的两年均速。从已有数据来看,即使经济下半年在大幅走软,2021 年中国全年 GDP 增速
也会接近 8%。 首先,判断当前经济的下行压力,主要体现在三个方面,一是房地产行业板块还在恶化,地方财政也会被
此拖累;二是出口增速势必大幅下行,2021 年经济增长最重要的动力将快速消失。三是疫情带来的经济成本可能会逐步
上升。
In the spring of 2020, faced with the huge economic impact from the COVID outbreak, the Chinese government gave up setting a
GDP growth target for that year. However, the central government When the economy begun recovering in early 2021, the
government resumed setting the “6% or more” GDP growth target – this reflected the flexibility of the central government. The
current impression of risk in China has superimposed policy adjustments which are easing the economy. For the central government,
it is difficult to set up the 2022 GDP growth target since the six pillars of stability set up before the pandemic – employment, financials,
foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, expectations – have all but disappeared. The popular mainstream GDP
growth rate in China has been touted at around 5.5%.
The current downward pressure on the economy is caused by both cyclical and long-term structural factors, and despite the recent
stimulus, maintaining this growth will be a challenge. The uncertainty resulting from the pandemic makes it difficult to be comfortable
with a bottom-line GDP growth rate of 5%. To reach this growth rate, the average quarterly GDP growth rate must be increased to
1.4% in 2022 from 0.8% in 2021 was 0.8%, and this would require the introduction of larger-scale monetary easing from the central
government to achieve this goal. The central government can instead set a more flexible target of “about 5%”. Given the pandemic
shock in 2020, the GDP growth rate in 2021 had a lower base to start from and hit close to 8% that year.
The pressure on the economy is reflected in three parts. First, the deteriorating real estate industry sector which would drag down
local financing. Second, the export growth rate – one of the most important driving forces for economic growth – is bound to decline
sharply. Third, the economic costs brought on by the pandemic may increase.
CCFA JOURNAL OF FINANCE February 2022
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