Page 187 - Complete Advanced SB- www.english0905.com

www.english0905.com Language reference

4QFMMJOH SVMFT GPS BEEJOH BGm YFT "EE es SBUIFS UIBO s GPS QMVSBM OPVOT PS QSFTFOU TJNQMF
WFSCT XIFO UIF XPSE FOET JO
Affi xes are either prefi xes or suffi xes.
t -s: bus – buses, miss – misses
Below are some spelling rules when adding affi xes.
t -ch: watch – watches
8IFO BEEJOH ed ing er est ance ence en PS y t -sh: wish – wishes
EPVCMF UIF m OBM DPOTPOBOU JO t -x: relax – relaxes
t one-syllable words which end in consonant–vowel– /PUF For some common nouns ending in -f or -fe the plural
consonant: ending is -ves:
run – running, fl at – fl atten, mud – muddy leaf – leaves, loaf – loaves, knife - knives
(But w, x and y are never doubled: fl owed, taxing.)
"EEJOH QSFm YFT
t verbs of two or more syllables which end in consonant–
vowel–consonant when the fi nal syllable is stressed: When a prefi x is added (before the word), the spelling does
occur – occurrence, forget – forgetting not change, e.g. with dis-, un- and ir-:
t verbs which end in l after one vowel in British English (in appoint – disappoint, satisfi ed – dissatisfi ed, truthful –
American English the l may not double): untruthful, necessary – unnecessary, relevant – irrelevant
travel – traveller, cancel – cancellation

%PO U EPVCMF UIF m OBM DPOTPOBOU XIFO
t there are two fi nal consonants:
correspond – correspondence

t there are two vowels before the fi nal consonant:
disappear – disappearance
t the stress is not on the fi nal syllable:
deepen – deepening
%SPQ UIF m OBM e www.english0905.com

t if there is a consonant before it and the suffi x begins with
a vowel (-er, -ed, -ing, -ance, -ation, etc.):
nonsense – nonsensical, amaze – amazing, sane – sanity
Note this exception: adding -able to words ending in -ce
and -ge: noticeable, knowledgeable

%PO U ESPQ UIF m OBM -e
t when the suffi x begins with a consonant:
safe – safety, arrange – arrangement, disgrace –
disgraceful
Note this exception: argue – argument

$IBOHF y UP i
t in words which end in -y after a consonant when a suffi x
(with the exception of -ing) is added:
happy – happiness, try – tried / trial, study – studious,
family – familiar, rely – reliance
Note these exceptions:
dry – drier / drily but dryness; shy – shyness / shyly
$IBOHF ie UP y
t when adding -ing to words which end in -ie:
lie – lying, die – dying

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