Page 740 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

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Hydroxyethyl starches (Continued) metabolic acidosis and, 137, 255 magnesium for, 223
degree of volume expansion by, 652 nonpathologic, 142–145 metabolic acidosis and, 108, 248, 250, 255
dose of, 655 normal response to, 132 perioperative management of, 408
drug interactions with, 410 parathyroid hormone in, 132, 139, 141–142, posttransfusion, 597, 597t
duration of action of, 652 142t renal bicarbonate reabsorption in, 248
molar substitution ratio and, 654 parathyroid hormone–related protein in, in renal failure, 551–553
molecular weight in, 653–654 141–142, 142t, 156 resting membrane potential in, 93
perioperative use of, 423, 426 in cancer, 146–147, 146f, 149 treatment of, 113–114, 114b
physiochemical properties of, 426 perioperative management of, 409 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 109–110
for shock, 565t, 566, 567t in primary hyperparathyroidism, 150–152 Hyperlactatemia, 444–445. See also Lactic
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 . See Calcidiol rapid correction of, hypocalcemia due to, 169 acidosis
Hyperadrenocorticism renal effects of, 137–138 causes of, 392
fluid therapy for, 334 in renal failure, 553 Hyperlipemia, pseudohypernatremia and,
hyperparathyroidism and, 170–171 toxicity of, 137–139 62–63, 63f
hypochloremia and, 81, 86 transient, 142 Hypermagnesemia, 224
hypokalemia and, 106 treatment of, 156–163, 157b, 158t hypoparathyroidism and, 173
hypophosphatemia and, 199 bisphosphonates in, 158t, 162 in renal failure, 553
metabolic alkalosis in, 279 calcitonin in, 158t, 160 Hypernatremia, 53–60
perioperative management of, 415 definitive, 156 in acute pancreatitis, 449
sodium/chloride metabolism and, 81 diuretics in, 157–159, 158t adipsic, 55
trilostane for, hyperparathyroidism due to, fluid therapy in, 157, 158t cardiac resuscitation and, 60
170–171 initial considerations in, 157–163 causes of, 53–60, 54b
Hyperalbuminemia, 461 philosophy of, 156 in central diabetes insipidus, 56, 57
metabolic acidosis and, 320 steroids in, 158t, 159–160 clinical approach to, 53–60, 55f
strong ion difference alkalosis and, 321 supportive, 156–157 clinical signs of, 60
Hyperaldosteronism Hypercapnia diarrheal, 444–445
hypernatremia and, 60 alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and, 291 excessive salt ingestion and, 59–60, 59f
hypokalemia and, 105, 106 causes of, 294 in hemodialysis, 693–694, 703
in liver disease, 474 metabolic alkalosis and, 273, 278, 279 hypodipsic, 54, 55
metabolic alkalosis in, 278 primary. See Respiratory acidosis hypotonic fluid loss and, 57–59, 61
Hyperammonemia Hyperchloremia impermeant solute gain and, 59–60, 61
acute, management of, 483 artifactual, 84–85, 84t perioperative management of, 408
chronic, management of, 483–484 corrected, 84t,85f, 86, 87–88, 87b pseudohypernatremia and, 62–63
in liver disease, 482–484, 486 diarrheal, 444–445 pure water loss and, 54–57
fluid therapy and, 486 exercise-related, 86, 88 in renal failure, 550
hepatic encephalopathy and, 482–484 fluid therapy and, 338, 340, 393 strong ion difference alkalosis and, 321
Hypercalcemia, 136–163 in hypoadrenocorticism, 86, 87–88 treatment of, 60–61
acid-base balance and, 137 Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, 244, 255b, Hyperoncotic renal failure, 394
in acute pancreatitis, 449–450 256–260, 256f, 306, 307, 322, 323, 392 Hyperosmolality
biopsy in, 139–141 with high–anion gap metabolic acidosis, 311, cerebral edema and, 501–502
in blastomycosis, 153–154 312 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 501–502
calcium transport in, 140f mixed, 311, 313 hyponatremia and, 62f, 63–64
cancer-associated, 139, 140f, 141b, 142t, strong ion difference and, 322, 323 perioperative management of, 409
145–150, 145f, 146f, 156 Hypercitratemia, in liver disease, 476 Hyperparathyroidism
causes of, 139, 140f, 141b Hyperglobulinemia, 461–462 calcitriol for, 131
uncommon, 155–156 Hyperglycemia hyperadrenocorticism and, 170–171
in chronic renal failure, 143–145, 145f in diabetic ketoacidosis, 500, 501 hypocalcemia and, 169–171
clinical signs of, 137–139, 137b, 177–178 hyponatremia and, 63 primary, 150–152
diagnosis of, 139–142 perioperative management of, 410 hypercalcemia and, 150–152
differential diagnosis of, 139, 141b Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state, 505–506 hypophosphatemia and, 199
extrarenal effects of, 139 Hyperkalemia, 108–114 protein-losing enteropathy and, 168
in granulomatous disease, 153–154, 160 acid-base disorders and, 248, 250 secondary
grape/raisin ingestion and, 155–156 ammoniagenesis and, 466 hyperadrenocorticism and, 170–171
hyperkalemia and, 93–94 arrhythmias and, 108, 109f hyperphosphatemia and, 203–204
hypervitaminosis D and, 139, 140f, 152–153 causes of, 108–113, 110b hypocalcemia and, 167, 169–171.
hypoadrenocorticism and, 139, 142t, 143, clinical features of, 108 See also Hypocalcemia
507 in diabetes mellitus, 108–109 nutritional, 169–170
hypokalemia and, 93–94 drug-related, 108, 112–113 in renal failure, 166t, 167
hypoparathyroidism and, 172–173 in heart failure, 526 tertiary, 144
hypophosphatemia and, 144–145, 167–168 hemodialysis for, 694, 702–703, 702f treatment of, 124–125
hypoxia in, 562 hypercalcemia and, 93–94, 137 Hyperphosphatemia, 201–206
iatrogenic, 177–178 in hypoadrenocorticism, 64–65, 112, 507, anion gap and, 308
idiopathic feline, 154–155 508–509 causes of, 202–204, 203b
inconsequential, 142 hypocalcemia and, 93–94, 168 clinical effects of, 201–202
laboratory definition of, 136–137 hyponatremia and, 64–65 hemodialysis for, 695
laboratory findings in, 132–136, 139, 142t iatrogenic, 108 hypervitaminosis D and, 163
mechanisms of, 139, 140f laboratory findings in, 108 hypoparathyroidism and, 171–172