Page 745 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

Index 733

management of. See Enteral nutrition; with high–anion gap metabolic acidosis, hyperadrenocorticism and, 279
Parenteral nutrition 311, 312 hyperalbuminemia and, 321
overcoat syndrome and, 623 mixed, 311, 313 hypercalcemia and, 137
in renal failure, 550 strong ion difference and, 322, 323 hypercapnia and, 273, 279
risk assessment for, 609 hyperkalemia and, 108, 248, 250, 255 hypernatremia and, 321
signs of, 608, 608f, 609b hyperphosphatemia and, 245, 320 hypoalbumineic, 245, 319
Maltese cross forms, in ethylene glycol hypoadrenocorticism and, 260, 509 hypochloremic, 306, 307
poisoning, 261 hypocalcemia and, 168 strong ion difference and, 321, 322
Manganese, in parenteral nutrition, 614 hypocapnia in, 254 hypokalemia and, 102–103, 271–272, 273,
Mannitol hypokalemia and, 103 274, 276–277
for dialysis disequilibrium, 708 hyponatremia and, 322, 323 treatment of, 279–280
for ethylene glycol poisoning, 706–707 hypophosphatemia and, 197 hypoproteinemic, 245, 319, 320
for hypoglycemia, 509 iatrogenic, in fluid therapy, 340 in liver disease, 474, 482–483, 487
hyponatremia due to, 63 lactated solutions and, 340 with metabolic acidosis, 309, 310
for increased intracranial pressure, 412 lactic. See Lactic acidosis perioperative management of, 410
for oliguria, 548 in liver disease, 474, 487 posthypercapneic, 278
Manometers, for central venous pressure, 353, with metabolic alkalosis, 309, 310 potassium in, 95
381 mixed high–anion gap, 311, 313 excretion of, 99–100
Mass mixed hyperchloremic, 311, 313 preexisting conditions for, 302, 303
atomic, 6, 6t normochloremic, 255b, 256–260, 256f in primary hyperaldosteronism, 278
molar, 6 organic, strong ion difference and, refeeding, 279
molecular, 6, 6t 323, 324 with respiratory acidosis, 309
Mean arterial pressure pathogenesis of, 253 with respiratory alkalosis, 311, 312
cardiac output and, 389 perioperative management of, 410 strong ion difference, 306, 321
in fluid therapy monitoring, 387, 389 phosphate metabolism and, 197 concentration, 320, 321
maintenance of, 559, 559f posthypocapnic, 260 hypochloremic, 322
measurement of, 571 potassium in, 95, 99–100, 108 transfusion-related, 474
Measured osmolality, 9, 14 preexisting conditions for, 302, 303 treatment of, 279–280
Measurement, units of, 5–10 in renal failure, 552 in triple disorders, 313, 314
Mechanical ventilation renal tubular acidosis and, 257–259, 259t. vomiting and, 443–444
renal effects of, 416 See also Renal tubular acidosis Metabolic shock, 558, 558t, 575–576.
for respiratory acidosis, 296 with respiratory acidosis, 311 See also Shock
Medication bottles, needle insertion in, 374 with respiratory alkalosis, 309, 310 Metabolic water, 20, 21t
Medullary collecting ducts in shock, 575–576 Metabolism, anaerobic, 557, 562
functions of, 26, 27f strong ion difference, 306, 320, 321, 322, Metaldehyde intoxication, 262–263
in urinary concentration, 38–39 323 Metastases, bone, hypercalcemia and, 150
Membrane potential dilutional, 322, 323 Methylprednisolone, for hemolytic transfusion
resting, 92–93, 93f hyperchloremic, 322, 323 reaction, 597t
threshold, 93–94, 93f transfusion-related, 476 Metoprolol, for heart failure, 530–531
Mental status, in hemorrhagic shock, 397 treatment of, 269–271 Metronidazole, for hepatic encephalopathy,
Mesangium, glomerular, 27, 28f in triple disorders, 313, 314 484t
Mesothelium, 665–666 uremic, 264–265 Microvascular barrier, 647–648
Metabolic acidosis, 238t, 253–271 Metabolic alkalosis, 238t, 271–280 fluid flux across, 648–649
ammonium chloride and, 259–260 alkalinization and, 275 permeability of, 648
anion gap in, 14, 81–82, 244 antibiotic-related, 279 Midline catheters, 352, 353
increased, 255b, 256f, 260–269 [A tot ] (nonvolatile buffer ion), 319, 320 Mik blood type, 590, 590b, 593–594
normal, 255b, 256–260, 256f causes of, 271, 275, 275b Milliequivalent weight, 7–8
[A tot ] (nonvolatile buffer ion), 319, 320 chloride in, 82–83 Milligrams, 7
cationic amino acids and, 260 chloride-resistant, 278–279, 322 Millimoles, 7
causes of, 255–256, 255b chloride-responsive, 271–272 Mineral(s)
chloride in, 81–82, 83, 88 citrate-preserved blood and, 474, 476 in enteral nutrition, 627, 627t
clinical features of, 254–255 classification of, 271 in parenteral nutrition, 612, 614
compensation in clinical features of, 274 Mineralization, soft tissue, in hypercalcemia,
buffers in, 253, 254f compensation in, 238, 238t, 239, 239t, 137, 138
renal, 254 272–273 Mineralocorticoids
respiratory, 253–254, 303, 304 buffers in, 272, 272f endogenous
diabetic ketoacidosis and, 263–264. renal, 273 deficiency of. See Hypoadrenocorticism
See also Diabetic ketoacidosis respiratory, 272–273, 273f, 304 in sodium retention in liver disease, 469
diagnosis of, 255–256 concentration, 85 exogenous, for hypoadrenocorticism, 508
diarrhea and, 256–257, 256f, 257t, 444–445 strong ion difference and, 321 Minicut-down procedure, 366
dilutional, 85, 260 definition of, 271 Mirtazapine, for appetite stimulation, 628
in ethylene glycol poisoning, 260–262, 260f diagnosis of, 274–279, 274f Missouri catheters, 669–670, 672
in heart failure, 527, 533 diarrhea and, 276–277 Mithramycin
hyperalbuminemia and, 320 diuretic-related, 277 for hypercalcemia, 158t, 162
hypercalcemia and, 137, 255 gastric fluid loss and, 266, 276–277 hypocalcemia due to, 171
hyperchloremic, 244, 255b, 256–260, 256f, in heart failure, 526–527 Mitral chorda tendinea rupture, 520
306, 307, 322, 323, 392 in hepatic encephalopathy, 482–483 Mitral insufficiency, heart failure and, 413