Page 744 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

732 INDEX

Lactic acidosis, 265–269 ammoniagenesis in, 482–484 Low-potassium (LK) phenotype, 100–101
cardiopulmonary resuscitation and, 267–268 anemia in, 492 Low-protein diet
clinical features of, 267 ascites in, 468–469, 487–492. See also Ascites hypoalbuminemia and, 463–464
in heart failure, 533 blood urea nitrogen in, 462, 463f, 464f, 465f in liver disease, 483–484, 485
hypoxic, 265–269, 266b chronic, 468–470 Low-sodium diet
lactated fluids and, 340 citrate metabolism in, 476 for ascites, 488
in liver disease, 474–476, 475f, 475t, 477f, coagulopathy in, 492–493 for heart failure, 533
479, 487 creatinine synthesis in, 462, 466f Luminal membranes, 33–34, 33f
in lymphosarcoma, 268 diet in, 479–482, 483–484 Luminal osmolality, 442
nonhypoxic, 265–269, 266b electrolyte disturbances in, 482–483 Lung. See also under Pulmonary; Respiratory
pathophysiology of, 266–267 encephalopathy in, 478, 479b, 480t, 481f in acid-base balance, 246, 253–254
treatment of, 268 fluid retention in, 468–470. See also Fluid Lymph flow, 649
Lactitol, for hepatic encephalopathy, 484–485, retention, in liver disease peritoneal, 665
484t fluid therapy for, 485–487 Lymphoma
Lactose, for hepatic encephalopathy, 484–485, diuresis and, 486 hypercalcemia in, 147–148, 147f, 149–150
484t electrolyte depletion and, 486–487 occult, L-asparaginase challenge for,
Lactulose, for hepatic encephalopathy, hyperammonemia and, 486 159–160
484–485, 484t transcellular shifts and, 486–487 Lymphosarcoma, lactic acidosis in, 268
Lanreotide, for hypercalcemia, 163 glomerular filtration rate in, 468, 469, 470,
Lanthanum carbonate, as phosphate binder, 472
206 glucose in, 481–482 M
Large intestine hepatorenal syndrome in, 473, 473f, 474b Macromolecular plasma volume expanders,
chloride in, 80–81, 80b hetastarch-related, 425 651–655. See also Colloid(s)
fluid and electrolyte absorption in, 438f, hyperaldosteronism in, 474 Magnesium
439–441, 440f, 441–442 hyperammonemia in, 482–484, 486 in body fluids, 5, 5t
sodium in, 80–81 hypoalbuminemia in, 462–464, 474 in commercial fluids, 341
Lavage, gastric, for salicylate intoxication, 262 hypoglycemia in, 481–483 dietary intake of, 222–223
Law of electroneutrality, anion gap and, 13–14, hypokalemia in, 464–466, 482–483 distribution of, 212–213
13f hypomagnesemia in, 467–468 functions of, 216–217
Law of mass action, 232 hyponatremia in, 65–66, 468, 469, 470 gastrointestinal handling of, 213–214, 213f
Leaky junctions, 33–34 hypophosphatemia in, 466–467, 482–483 in hemodialysate, 693
Lean body mass, estimation of, 2 laboratory findings in, 462, 463f, 464f, 465f, in lactation, 216
Leishmaniasis, transfusion-related, 589, 591 467f measurement of, 221–222
Lethargy, in hypocalcemia, 165 lactate metabolism in, 474–476, 475f, 475t, in parathyroid hormone secretion, 123
Leukocyte transfusions, leukoreduction filters 477f potassium and, 218–219
for, 592 lactic acidosis in, 474–476, 475f, 475t, 477f, for protein-losing enteropathy, 447–448
Leukopenia, in hemoperfusion, 707 479, 487 regulation of, 212–216
Leukoreduction filters, 592 management of, 479–493 renal handling of, 214–216, 214f
Levosimendan, for heart failure, 529 DDAVP in, 492–493, 492f assessment of, 221–222
Levothyroxine, in myxedema coma, 509–510 perioperative, 414 in distal convoluted tubule, 215–216, 215f
Liddle syndrome, 105–106 transfusions in, 492 in loop of Henle, 214–215, 214f
Lidocaine/bicarbonate, for intravenous vitamin K 1 in, 492 potassium and, 219
catheterization, 356 nutrition in, 479–482, 483–484 in proximal tubule, 214
Lingual artery, catheterization of, 419 polyuria and polydipsia in, 472, 479 supplemental, 222–223, 223t
Lipid(s) portal hypertension in, 468 cardiotoxicity of, 224
in diabetic ketoacidosis, 500–501 portosystemic shunting in, 469–470 for diabetic ketoacidosis, 505
elevated plasma, pseudohypernatremia and, renal dysfunction in, 472–473 for posttransfusion hypomagnesemia, 597t
62–63, 63f sodium retention in, 468, 470 Magnesium balance, 212–216
intravenous, for moxidectin toxicosis, 614 portosystemic shunts and, 469–470 disturbances of. See Hypermagnesemia;
in parenteral nutrition, 613t, 614 steroid hormones and, 469 Hypomagnesemia
Lipidosis, hepatic urea synthesis in, 462 Magnesium chloride, 222–223, 223t
acid-base disturbances in, 477–478, 478f Liver function, indocyanine green clearance test Magnesium loading test, 221–222
laboratory findings in, 465f, 474 for, 420 Magnesium retention test, 221–222
Liquid enteral diets, 638–639, 639b, 639f Liver surgery, hypophosphatemia after, 200 Magnesium salts, 222–223, 223t
Liver. See also under Hepatic encephalopathy Lixivaptan, for hyponatremia, 69, 70 cardiotoxicity of, 224
in acid-base balance, 246 LK phenotype, 100–101 Magnesium sulfate, 222–223, 223t
albumin synthesis in, 459–461, 460f Loop diuretics, 522–524, 522t, 523t. Maintenance energy requirements
creatinine synthesis in, 462, 466f See also Diuretics in fluid therapy, 345
globulin synthesis in, 461 for hyperkalemia, 114, 114b in parenteral nutrition, 605–606
glutamine synthesis in, 458–459, 459f, 462 for hyponatremia, 69 Maintenance fluid requirements, 15
nitrogen metabolism in, 458–459, 459f, 462 Loop of Henle in fluid therapy, 15, 345, 346, 347
physiology of, 456–462 functions of, 26, 27f Malnutrition
urea synthesis in, 458–459, 459f, 462 length of, 27–28 assessment for, 608–609, 610t, 623,
Liver disease. See also Cirrhosis in magnesium regulation, 214–215, 214f 625f, 626t
acid-base disorders in, 474–478, 482–483, permeability of, 37–40, 37t fluid therapy for, 334
487 in sodium regulation, 47, 48f,52 laboratory findings in, 623
aldosterone in, 469–470 in urinary concentration, 37–38 lean body mass loss in, 607