Page 742 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

730 INDEX

Hypokalemia (Continued) osmotic demyelination syndrome and, Hypotonic solutions, 46
renal dysfunction and, 104–106 52–53 Hypotonicity, cerebral adaptation to, 52–53
in renal failure, 550–551 with volume excess, 65–66 Hypoventilation, 291, 293
in respiratory alkalosis, 298 Hypoosmolality global, 294
resting membrane potential in, 93 hyponatremia and, 61, 62f, 64–68 respiratory acidosis and, 294
treatment of, 107–108, 107t perioperative management of, 409 Hypovolemia
myelinolysis and, 52–53, 68, 69 Hypoparathyroidism diarrheal, 444–445
urinary potassium loss in, 105 causes of, 172–173 hemodialysis for, 699–702
Hypokalemic nephropathy, 104–106 complications of, 177–178 in hypernatremia, 60
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 105 diagnosis of, 171–172 hypotonic fluid loss and, 57–58, 58f
Hypomagnesemia follow-up in, 177–178 perioperative management of, 405, 417
arrhythmias and, 217, 218, 222–223 hypercalcemia and, 172–173 perioperative monitoring for, 417
causes of, 219, 220b hypermagnesemia and, 173 signs of, 387
clinical manifestations of, 216–219 hyperphosphatemia and, 204 vomiting-related, 443
cardiovascular, 217–218 hypocalcemia and, 165, 166t, 171–173. Hypovolemic hyponatremia, 64–65, 65f
electrolyte disturbances, 218–219 See also Hypocalcemia Hypovolemic shock, 557–558, 558t, 560t,
neuromuscular, 218 hypomagnesemia and, 173, 219 576. See also Shock, hypovolemic
osseous, 219 postoperative, 169, 171, 177 Hypoxemia, 291
conditions associated with, 220, 220b treatment of. See also Hypocalcemia, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and, 290
in diabetic ketoacidosis, 501, 505 treatment of causes of, 291, 292
diagnosis of, 221–222 calcium salts in, 174–177, 175t differential diagnosis of, 290
fluid therapy and, 393 complications of, 177–178 diffusion impairment and, 292
in heart failure, 527 monitoring in, 177–178 hypoventilation and, 291, 293
in hospitalized animals, 219–220, 222–223 parathyroid for, 174 low partial pressure of inspired oxygen and,
hypocalcemia and, 168, 219, 220 vitamin D in, 177 291
hypokalemia and, 218–219, 220 Hypophosphatemia, 197–201 in respiratory acidosis, 295
hypoparathyroidism and, 173, 219 causes of, 198–200, 198b right-to-left shunt and, 292, 293
in liver disease, 467–468 clinical effects of, 197–198 V-Q mismatch and, 292, 293
pathogenesis of, 219 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 501, 504–505 Hypoxia
posttransfusion, 597–598, 597t drug-related, 199 cytopathic, 562
prevalence of, 219–220 hypercalcemia and, 144–145, 167–168 in hypercalcemia, 562
in protein-losing enteropathy, 447–448 in liver disease, 466–467, 482–483 Hypoxic shock, 558, 558t, 562, 563.
in renal failure, 553 nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism See also Shock
risk factors for, 222–223 and, 169–170
tetany in, 216 postdialysis, 695
Hyponatremia, 61–68 postoperative, 200 I
causes of, 63–64, 63b, 64–68 in primary hyperparathyroidism, 150 Ibandronate, for hypercalcemia, 160–161
clinical approach to, 61–68, 62f in renal failure, 553–554 Icodextrin, 673
clinical signs of, 68–70 treatment of, 200–201, 201t Idiogenic osmoles, 60
in diabetic ketoacidosis, 501, 504 X-linked, 200 Idiopathic hypercalcemia of cats, 154–155
diarrheal, 444–445 Hypoproteinemia Ileum. See also Small intestine
dilutional, in liver disease, 468 in acute pancreatitis, 449 chloride in, 80–81, 80b
diuretic-induced, 63, 64–65 in gastrointestinal disorders, 447–448 fluid and electrolyte absorption in, 438f,
exercise-associated, 67 in heart failure, 527–528 439–441, 440f, 442f
in heart failure, 526, 533, 534–535 metabolic alkalosis and, 245, 319, 320 Imipenem, for sepsis/septic shock, 574
diuretic-related, 534–535 perioperative management of, 407 Immunoglobulins, intravenous, 588.
in hemodialysis, 693–694, 703 Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, metabolic See also Transfusion(s)
hospital-acquired, 67–68 acidosis in, 259 Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), for
hyperkalemia and, 64–65 Hyposthenuria, 46 parathyroid hormone, 135–136
with hyperosmolality, 62f, 63–64 Hypotension Immunosuppression, transfusion-related, 428
hypervolemic, 65–66 anesthesia-related, 417 Increased intracranial pressure, perioperative
in hypoadrenocorticism, 63, 64–65, in hemodialysis, 707–708 management of, 412, 419
112, 507 Hypothermia Increased intraocular pressure, perioperative
myelinolysis and, 69, 508 in fluid therapy monitoring, 390 management, 412
with hypoosmolality, 61, 62f, 64–68 in myxedema coma, 509–510 Indocyanine green, hepatic clearance of, 420
hypovolemic, 64–65, 65f Hypothiaminosis, in liver disease, 480 Ineffective osmoles, 8, 8f
increased antidiuretic hormone and, 67–68 Hypothyroidism Infectionsspecific types
in liver disease, 468, 469, 470 hyperkalemia and, 108 catheter. See Catheter infections
in myxedema coma, 509–510 hyponatremia and, 67 transfusion-related, 428
with normal osmolality, 62–63, 62f,63f myxedema coma in, 509–510 urinary tract
normovolemic, 66–68 perioperative management of, 415 catheter-related, 418, 549
perioperative management of, 408 Hypotonic dehydration, 46–47, 47f renal tubular acidosis and, 259
psychogenic polydipsia and, 56, 66 Hypotonic fluid loss, 11, 12t,54b Inflammation, gastrointestinal, secretory
in renal failure, 550 causes of, 54b response in, 442, 442f
strong ion difference acidosis and, 322, 323 hypernatremia and, 57–59, 61 Inflammatory mediators
treatment of, 68–70 renal vs. extrarenal, 58–59 reactive oxygen species and, 562
conivaptan in, 469 treatment of, 61 in shock, 562, 563