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abnormalities in the structure of the placenta and lower weight. This results in the

fetus experiencing growth and development barriers while in the womb. Pregnant

women who have anemia are at risk of stunted fetal growth / PJT / IUGR, premature,

BBLR, and low fe deposits in babies born so that they are at risk of anemia at the age

of 6 months (Achadi, et al., 2020). Therefore, pregnant women who have anemia
increase the risk for giving birth to children with short birth lengths or stunting

(Widyaningrum & Romadhoni, 2018).

Iron deficiency that occurs in children willcause a decrease in immunity so that it
has a greater risk of developing diseases, especially infectious diseases. The presence

of infectious diseases and anorexia will inhibit linear growth because it decreases food

intake, interferes with absorption of nutrients, and causes loss of nutrients (Zogara et
al., 2020).

Zinc in addition to playing a role in the growth process plays a role in development,

zinc plays a role in the preparation and migration of neurons (nerve cells) along with

the formation of neuronal synapses. Zinc will release aminobutyric acid

neurotransmitters that will affect nerve stimulation. Aminobutyric acid
neurotransmitters have a role in the growth and differentiation of nerve cells. Zinc

deficiency can interfere with the formation of neural pathways and

neurotransmission, so it will indirectly affect developments such as cognitive

development, gross and fine motor development and social development
(Septiawahyuni, 2019). According to Zogara (2020) zinc deficiency will inhibit the

work of growth hormone.

Vitamin A deficiency leads to a higher risk of mortality, morbidity, and infectious

diseases in children. Lack of vitamin A intake can be associated with stunted growth
because lack of vitamin A can reduce secretion of serum IGF-1 which plays a role in

growth hormone secretion (Aritonang, et al., 2020).