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e) Food substances that affect stunting

Food substances can be grouped according to the amount needed by living things,
namely macro food substances and micro food substances. Macro food substances,

which are food substances that the body needs in large quantities, including

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water.

Lack of protein intake for pregnant women is a very significant risk factor for the

occurrence of stunting children at the age of 12 months, which reaches 1.6 times
compared to mothers who meet their protein intake (Pristya, 2021). Sufficient protein

is needed in the process of division, growth and development of nerve cells. If protein

intake in pregnant women is under 24 weeks less, it will cause the number of cells to

decrease. While lack of protein intake at the end of pregnancy can cause the size of
nerve cells to shrink, and if there is a large amount of deficiency, it can reduce brain

weight. 25% (Achadi, et al., 2020). The quality and quantity of good protein intake

affect Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which is a mediator for growth hormone and

bone matrix formation (Aritonang et al. , 2020). Therefore, lack of protein during
pregnancy canincrease the risk of stunting in children born.

Micro food substances, which are food substances that the body needs in small

amounts, including vitamins and minerals. Mineral function for the body antara lain
bahan form various body tissues, such as bones, teeth, hair, nails, skin and red blood

cells. Examples of minerals include calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and many others.

Mothers who have a history of iron deficiency during pregnancy, then their

children have a 4 times higher risk of stunting compared to mothers who do not have
a history of iron deficiency during pregnancy (Widyaningrum & Romadhoni, 2018).

Iron deficiency is one of the causes of anemia, where the condition of red blood

cells or hemoglobin is less than normal whose function is to carry oxygen throughout

the body's tissues. The placenta becomes not fully developed which has an impact on