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‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻑ ﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺫﻛﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ »ﺮﺷﻭﺎﺑﻙ« ( ﺃﺭﺷﻴﻒ ﻓﺎﺭﺍ) ﻑ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻓﺠﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻻﻻﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻖﻃ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺟﻠﺒﺖ ﻍ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻖﻃ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺽ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻑ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ&‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﺮﺷﻭﺎﺑﻙ‪( ،‬ﺎﻓﺭﺍ) ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ »ﺭﻞﺟ (ﻢﻴﻈﻋ)‪،) -‬ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ«(‪ LADGILMUN‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻊ »ﺩﻮﻤﻟﻥ‪ .96،‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﻤﺪﺓ ﻧﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ‪ 2‬ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻻﺯﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﺭﺍﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻳﺬ‪ 2‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺮ »ﺃﻭﺭ« ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﻤﺪﺓ ﻧﺼﺮ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻙ ﺑﻤﻌﺒﺪ‬
‫»ﺇﺎﻧﺎﻧ« ﻭﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ » ﻮﻠﺗ« ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻮﺘﺴﻣﺔﻨﻃ »ﺪﻤﺟﺓ ﺮﺼﻧ« ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫»ﺎﻔﺧﻲﺟ« ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻓﺠﺮﺍﻟﺴﻻﻻﺕ‪ .7‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺪﻌﺑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺟﻢ (ﺍﻻﺴﻠﺴﻤﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ)‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻬﺎ ﻍ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻣ«ﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ RAR-AHHU,BULLUM‬ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺑﺘﻬ‪,‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪RUSPIL‬ﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻢﻫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪66 . Leemans W F (1960) Foreign Trade in the old Babylonian Period. As Revealed by Tets from‬‬
‫‪Southern Mesopotami,a Leiden. p.12‬‬
‫‪67. Ibid. p.5‬‬
‫‪68. Potts D.T1983) Dilmun ٠ Where and When ? Dimun. Journal ofthe Bahrain Historical and‬‬
‫‪Archaeological Societg. No.2. p15.‬‬
‫‪69. Piesinger CM (1983) Op. Cit. p641.‬‬
‫‪70 During Caspers ECL(19711972) New Archeological Evidence forMaritime Trade in the Persian‬‬
‫)‪GuIf During the Late Protoliterate Period. East and West -EW) ،Vol. 21. p 32.‬‬