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‫ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﺐ ﻣﺎﺟﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻔﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﻴﻨﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ'‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﻟﻴ ًﻻ ﺎﻗﻌﻃًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﺍﻟﺔﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ(‪5202‬‬

‫ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ) ﻍ ﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ‪ 2‬ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻛﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ& ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪.21‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻨﻴﻔﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺭﺳﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﻧﻴﻨﻜﺎﻝ ‪ 2‬ﺃﻭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻭﺭ‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻮﻣﺮ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫‪ 1801‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ) ﻣﻦ ﺳﻻﻟﺔ ﻻﺭﺳﻪ ‪ 2‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫(‪829 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞﻭﺍﻷﺻﺺ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺎﺗﺩﺼﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪.31‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺬﺭ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭﻛﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺮﺧﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩﻣﺮﺻﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺆﻟﺆ ﻭﺃﻣﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﻛﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺍﻳﺎﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﺔ » ﻧﻴﻨﻜﺎﻝ » ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺫﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺃﺎﻜﺷﻝ ﺮﻐﺼﻣﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺮﺜﻛ ﺑﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻻﺯﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺧﺎ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻛﺤﻞ ﻭﻣﻐﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬

‫(ﻲﺼﻋ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺸﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺻﺤﻮﻥ)‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺭﻳﻢ ﺳﻦ‬
‫(‪ 1698 758 1‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ) ﻣﻦ ﺳﻻﻟﺔ ﻻﺭﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻖﻠﻃ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻻﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻫﺒﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ( ﺃﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﻴﻠﻤﻮﻥ)‪.#‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻧﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﺃﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ » ﺍﻣﻴﻠﻮ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺸﻻ ﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﻧﻴﻜ ًﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺎ » ﻭﻛﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﻦ » ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﻧﺎﻧﻨﺎﺭ» ﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﻫﻦ ﺳﻤﺴﻢ ﻭﺛﻻﺛﻴﻦ ﺛﻮﺏ ﻛﺮﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ‪ 2‬ﺳﻔﺮﻩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻟﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻧﺤﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺮﺽ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺷﻘﻻﺕ ﻓﻀﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﺆﻟﺆ ﻭﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻟﻤﻮﻥ‪.51‬‬

‫‪11. Bibby.‬‬ ‫‪mun. op. ci,t pp. 201 205;]. Hawkes. TgeFirst Great Civiliation. (London .1975)٠ p. 133.‬ﻓ‪Lil‬أ‪gnfioor D‬‬

‫‪ 12.‬ﻲﺒﻴﺑ‪ ،‬ﺮﻴﻔﺟﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺹﺴﺎﺑ‪.‬ﻖ‪261. 1985،‬‬

‫‪. 655; F٠W.‬ﻡ ‪.. .nBmsa nuallHetin of the school ofOriental and Afgican ,studies. (BSOAS). Vol. 36‬ﺁ‪31‬‬

‫‪Leemans. Foreign Trade in the Old Babylonian Period. (Leiden. 960)،pp. 24.‬‬

‫‪14 . Leonard woolley. Tge Sumerians, (New York. 1965). p. 116.‬‬

‫‪r Dilmun. op. cit, pp. 206.‬ﻓ‪goikn fLo‬‬
‫‪15. Bibby.‬ﺻﻤﻢ‬