Page 110 - BUKU SYNOPSIS

development model included preliminary research, model formulation, model

development, trial and modification, and product completion.

The researcher integrated classroom action research (CAR) within the design-

based research framework to achieve the research objective. CAR originated

in social sciences as an iterative and participatory technique. On the other hand,

design-based research is a specific subject within educational research that uses the

design of educational interventions to both demonstrate and develop learning

theories. Design-based and action research uses an iterative process model in which

interventions and analysis are carried out sequentially (Hevner & Chatterjee, 2010;

Majgaard et al., 2011). According to Majgaard (2011), the inclusion of action

research and design-based research enhances the design process by recognizing the

input and co-design capabilities of users, establishing a robust pre-analysis,

employing an iterative approach, facilitating the gradual emergence of learning

goals, actively involving users in the design process, and fostering learning

throughout the design phase.

In this study, the researcher employed collaborative action

research, recognized as a valuable approach for establishing a relationship between

the researcher and lecturers. Adopting collaborative action research aligns to

bridge the traditional gap between research and practice, particularly for educators

and researchers (Bruce et al., 2011). Kemmist and McTaggar created the earliest

CAR procedures. The researcher believes that the aspect of action research is

relevant to her research because it aids in investigating, developing, and

implementing relevant tasks to promote formative writing processes, particularly in

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