Page 72 - BUKU SYNOPSIS

ideas about scoring methodologies and score analysis. There are two

approaches for interpreting test results: norm-referenced and criterion-

referenced. Traditionally, a student's writing performance was

evaluated relative to the performance of others using a norm-referenced

approach.

1) A Norm-Referenced Versus A Criterion-Referenced

The norm-referenced approach involves evaluating students'

achievements by comparing them to the performance of their peers

within a certain group, using established norms or relative standards

(Hyland, 2003; Mardapi, 2017). The norm-referenced technique is

a methodology employed to ascertain an individual's relative ability

in relation to their peers within a given class. This approach

operates under the assumption that individuals possess varying

skills, which can be characterized by the distribution of norms. The

norm-referenced approach utilizes performance standards that are

relative in nature, whereby a student's performance level is decided

by their place relative to the group. In the event that an individual

obtains a score beyond the mean score of the group, said student

will be awarded a high score, while conversely, a score below the

group average will result in a lower score.

Therefore, according to Mardapi (2017), the test items should

not be too difficult or too easy, with a difficulty index from 0.3 to

0.8. Also, it must distinguish which students are competent in one

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