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scoring methodologies, scoring guidelines or rubrics, and the

optimal number of raters. According to Hyland (2003), McNamara

(2000), and Weigle (2002), it is commonly acknowledged that there

exist two predominant techniques for evaluating students' writing

performance using the criterion-referenced approach. These

approaches are referred to as the holistic scale and the analytical

scale.

2) Holistic Scoring versus Analytical Scoring

According to Hyland (2003), holistic scoring is a technique

used to evaluate a writer's overall competence by forming an

individual opinion of the quality of a writing sample. The holistic

scoring approach takes into account the notion that a written text,

which is a manifestation of writing abilities, should be evaluated as

a cohesive unit, and can be effectively assessed using a unified

scale. Similarly, Weigle (2002) asserts that the holistic approach

represents a scoring technique that allocates a singular score to a

written composition based on the overall perception of the

composition.

Some scholars (such as Brown & Abeywickrama, 2018;

Hyland, 2003) have analyzed the benefits and drawbacks of holistic

grading rubrics. They contend that acquiring diagnostic information

for feedback poses a challenge for teachers due to the holistic nature

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