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online classes to speed up building students' knowledge (Wallace et al.,

2014).

FCM carried out by Su Ping et al. (2019) in learning writing skills

is divided into two phases: 1) Before Class, where students access and

study materials related to the teaching-learning topics posted on an online

platform to strengthen their understanding before the f2f real Class. 2) In-

class activities - the teacher prepares materials and writing exercises that

must be finished in the first 15 minutes of offline class. After that, the

teacher reviewed the student's writing in terms of content and general

mistakes. This section also provided feedback orally or in written form,

individually or in a group. The rest of the time is for writing a text

independently.

c) A La Carte/Self-Blended Learning Model

A self-blended learning environment is the blended learning model

where a student self-directed himself to access learning content through a

plethora of digital devices and learn without the teachers' assistance. The

students themselves make progress by using technology to connect,

collaborate, create, and discover practical ways to learn with their tutor or

friend. They need to organize their own learning from helpful resources

they find for themselves online (Bull, 2015). In Bull's study, he only

involved one student. He observed her while she learned to write. The

student went through several phases. First, the student created a list in her

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