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‫‪ C‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ﻳﺴـﻴﻞ ﹸﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳـﲈﻉ‬ ‫‪ B‬ﹸﻳﻘ ﹶﺮﻉ ﺍﳉـﺮﺱ ﰲ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﹸﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ A‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘ ﱠﺪﻡ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻳﺴﻴﻞ ﹸﻟﻌﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺕ ﻗﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻜ ﹼﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜـ ﹼﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﺐ ﻋﻼﻗـ ﹰﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﻗـﺮﻉ ﺍﳉـﺮﺱ‬

‫ﴍﻃﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ ﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻗﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 5-6‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳـﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫التعلّم ال‪‬سي‪ ‬ال‪‬سر‪ classical conditioning ‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺇﻳﭭﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﻠﻮﻑ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﴩﻃـﻲ ﻳﺮﺑـﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺻـﻮﺕ ﻗﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺳﻲ ﺃﺟﺮ￯ ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺛﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ‪1890‬ﻡ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ‪1900‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗ ﱠﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻟﺤﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺤﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﺮﺯ ﹸﻟﻌﺎ ﹰﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺎﻓﻠﻮﻑ ﻳﻘﺮﻉ ﺟﺮ ﹰﺳـﺎ ﻛ ﹼﻠﻤﺎ ﻗ ﱢﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺤﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋ ﹼﺪﺓ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺘﻜ ﹼﺮﺭﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻳﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸ ﹼﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺬﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺤﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻓﻠـﻮﻑ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻـﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺤـﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮ ﹼﺿﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .5-6‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ ‪ classical conditioning‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴـﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻤﺜﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻓﻠﻮﻑ ﺗﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺱ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺱ ﺑﺈﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫م‪‬ا ‪‬راأ‪ ‬س‪ ‬ﻣﻮﻗ ﹰﻔﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﻃﺔ ﻣـﻊ ﹸﻣﺜﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫التعلّ‪‬م الإجرا‪ ‬ال‪‬سر‪ Operant conditioning ‬ﺃﺟـﺮ￯ ﺳـﻜﻴﻨﺮ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻃﺒﻴـﺐ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺴـﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﹼﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ‬
‫‪ operant conditioning‬ﻳﺘﻌ ﹼﻠـﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺮ ﺟﺮ ﹰﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺫ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﻄﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺒـﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺾ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳـﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨـﺪﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑ ﹼﹰﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ(‬

‫ﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ )ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺾ( ﻟﻠ ﹸﻤﺜﻴﺮ)ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺾ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺧـﺮ￯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺳـﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻫﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎ ﹼﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺄﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻳـﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻭﻳﺘﻘﻴﺄ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﹼﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪.‬‬

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