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‫‪‬سلو‪‬ي‪ ‬حديد من‪‬ة الن‪‬و‪ Territorial behaviors ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ‬                ‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 5-12‬ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛـﺮ ﻃﻴـﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻃﻴـﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـ ﹰﺔ ﺧﺎﺻ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴـﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺷـﺮﻛﺎﺀ‬                   ‫‪ Cannet‬ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢ ﹼﺪﺩ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﺗـﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓـﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺁﺧﺮﻳـﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬                 ‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﺸـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺳـﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬

           ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻨ ﹼﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺗﻨﻮ ﹰﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﺳ ﹰﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬                            ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﴬﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳـﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﻮﺫ ‪ territorial behaviors‬ﻣﺤـﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺮﺍﺥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎﺟﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟـﻚ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻮﻝ ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸـﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻴـﻮﺭ ‪-‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﻴـﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ -5-12‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠ ﹼﻤـﻊ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﹸﻳﻌ ﱠﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺵ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

               ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﺎ ﹴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬سلو‪ ‬جم‪ ‬ال‪‬ع‪ Foraging behaviors ‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ .foraging behaviors‬ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴـﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐ ﱢﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﺗﺠﻨﱡﺐ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺴـﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀ ﱠﻤﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ￯ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

                      ‫م‪‬ا ‪‬راأ‪ ‬س‪ ‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

                                                                                               ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪5-1‬‬

                          ‫‪    ‬‬‫‪ ‬‬‫ﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
                                                                                                                               ‫ﻓﺴﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
                                    ‫‪‬‬
                   ‫‪40 ‬‬                                                 ‫ﻫـﻞ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ؟ ﺃﺳـﲈﻙ‬
                                                                                               ‫ﺍﳉـﺮﺍﺡ ‪ surgeon fish‬ﺗﺘﻐـﺬ￯ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬
                   ‫‪30‬‬                                                                          ‫ﺑﺸـ ﹼﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺳـﲈﻙ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻐـﺬ￯ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟـﺐ ﺃﻳ ﹰﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇ ﹼﳖﺎ‬

                   ‫‪20‬‬                                                                                               ‫ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 2-3 m2‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

                   ‫‪10‬‬                                                                                                ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬

                     ‫‪0 6 – 8 8 –10 10 –12 12 – 2 2 – 4 4 – 6 6 – 7‬‬                             ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﹼﺬﻱ ﻷﺳـﲈﻙ‬
                                                                                               ‫ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺡ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﹼﺬﻱ ﻷﺳﲈﻙ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺡ‬
                                      ‫‪‬‬
                                                                                                                                   ‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
                           ‫ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
                                                                                                                             ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫‪Craig, P. 1996. Intertidal territoriality and time – budget of‬‬
‫‪the surgeonfish, Acanthurus lineatus, in American Samoa.‬‬                                                    ‫‪ّ� .1‬سر ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ؟‬
‫‪Environmental Biology 46: 27-36.‬‬                                                                ‫‪� .2‬سر ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻟﺪ￯ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺡ؟‬

                                                                                                                 ‫‪ .3‬و‪ ‬ر‪‬سي ‪‬ة ﺗﻔ ﹼﴪ ﺗﻜ ﹼﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‪.‬‬

                                    ‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‬                                                                                                           ‫‪148‬‬
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