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‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-16‬ﺗﻨﻔﺦ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺳـﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻤـﺮﺍﺀ ﳉـﺬﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺳـﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 5-17‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻐـﺎﺭ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻐﺎزﻟﺔ واﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Courting and Nurturing Behavior‬‬
‫‪‬و‪ّ‬س‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯؟‬
‫ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮﻫـﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺠـﺎﺡ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺠﺬﺏ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺍ ﹴﺡ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬سلو‪‬ي‪ ‬المغ‪‬ل‪‬ة ‪ Courting behaviors‬ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻟـﺔ‬

‫‪ courting behaviors‬ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻳﺠﺬﺏ ﺷـﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 5-16‬ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻟﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻔﺦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎﻁ ﻛﻴ ﹰﺴﺎ ﺃﺣﻤﺮ ﺯﺍﻫ ﹰﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻧﺎﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﺍ ﹰﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻫﻲ ﺃﻡ ﺳﻠﺴﻠ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟ ﹼﹰﺪﺍ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ؛ ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺫﻛ ﹰﺮﺍ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴـﺒ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺤ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﻠﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻤ ﹼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﺑﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬سل‪‬و‪ ‬الح‪‬س‪‬ة ‪ Nurturing behavior‬ﻳﻮ ﹼﻓـﺮ ﺍﻷﺑـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫‪ nurturing behavior‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻷﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻭﻗ ﹰﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﱢﺼﻐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﹸﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺼﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﹸﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﺳـﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪ ‪ Cod fish‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺴـﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻓﺘـﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻨـﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺩ( ﺻﻐﺎ ﹰﺭﺍ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻛﺜﻴ ﹰﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﺪ ﺃﻧﺜﻰ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-17‬ﺻﻐﻴ ﹰﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﺣ ﹰﺪﺍ ﻭ ﹸﺗﻄﻌﻤﻪ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺳـﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﺖ ﺟﻬ ﹰﺪﺍ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪.‬‬

‫م‪‬ا ‪‬ر أا‪ ‬ر‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ‪151‬‬
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