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‫دور‪ ‬الم‪‬ء ‪ The water cycle‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺳـﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺻﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳـﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠـﻮﻱ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺟـﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺳـﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺤﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﺒـﺎﻝ ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻤـﻢ ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 1-18‬ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫‪    ‬ﻳﺘﺒﺨـﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ع‪ ‬ا‪‬ي‪ Hydrologist ‬ﻳﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﺋ ﹴﺬ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؛ ﻓﻴﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﺛـﻢ ﻳﺒـﺮﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﺜـﻒ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﳖـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﴩﺏ ﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻠﺞ ﺃﻭ ﹶﺑ ﹶﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻴ ﹰﺪﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮ￯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،1-18‬ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻢ ﺍﳌﺰﻳـﺪ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ‪ 90%‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﲏ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ‪ 10%‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.obeikaneducation.com‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﺣﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ‪ 3%‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ‪31%‬‬
‫ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 69%‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫م‪‬ا ‪‬راأ‪ّ  ‬دد ﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ í‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 1-18‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻠـﲈﺀ ﺿﻤـﻦ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ ﺍﳊﻴـﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪‬ستنت‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ؟‬

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