Page 82 - PDF_Oxford Grammar for Schools 5_Neat 1

Hadto, neededto, needn'thave,couldn't *9 O14.3 Listenand tick the correct answers. Q

ÿ Why didn't Fred play with friends after
school?
I'm, worryliÿ0 about "TlUS IS
a He didn't want to. M
m.Lj exam. tomorrow!
b He had to work. \v\
c He didn't have any friends. Q

1 Why did Milly give flowers to Amy?

a She wanted to. Q
b She had to. ]
c Amy had asked for flowers. Q
2 What did Carrie do at the music studio?
i i-veecWt have * a She watched people play and record
womcd about the
music. O
exai-K. it was fme!
b She played different musical instruments
and used the recording equipment. I

c She used the recording equipment. I
We use had to, needed to and couldn't + the infinitive
3 What did Ted do today?
when we talk about necessity, obligation and freedom
a He went to the library but itwas
to act inthe past.
closed. [_]
We can use had to for any past obligation or necessity.
b He went to the library. [_]
We can use needed to for any past necessity.
c He went to school. | |

Obligation and necessity Prohibition 4 Why didn't Alice pay?
had to couldn't a She didn't want to.

needed to b She couldn't because she didn't have
any money. ÿ
They had to wear black shoes. (= It was the rule.)
c She didn't need to. O
We hadto climb over the wall. (=We had no choice.)
We hadto/needed to post theletter. (= It was 5 Why didn't Ann see the film?
important to us.) a She couldn't because of her age. O
I couldn'tusemy computer on the plane. b She didn't want to. Q

c She had to do her homework.
No obligation /necessity Permission /freedom
6 How did they get to the station?
didn't have to could
a They ran. Q
didn't need to
b They walked. O
We didn'thave to do homeworkotprimaryschool. c They took a taxi. P]
I didn'tneedto go to thedoctorbecauseIfelt better
this morning.
We couldchoose what we wanted to eat.

We use needn't have + the past participle when we
say inthe present that a completed past action was
unnecessary.

Needn't have is different from didn't need to.
We didn'tneedto take food. (= It wasn't necessary
to take food.We knew that. ©)
We needn't have taken the food. Nobodyate it.
(= It wasn't necessary to take the food. We didn't
know that. ©)

82 Necessity and obligation