Page 30 - FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

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30 Fundamentals of Computers NPP

nology. The computers of this generation can H$m Cn`moJ hþAm Ÿ& Bg nr‹T>r Ho$ H$åß`yQ>am| H$s {ZåZ
be characterised with following features: à_wI {deofVmE± h¢ Ÿ:
1. Because of the use of IC technology, the 1. IC Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ H$maU H$åß`yQ>a N>moQ>o, gñVo d VoO
computers became smaller in size, faster
and much cheaper they required a very J{V go H$m`© H$aZo dmbo Wo Ÿ& BZ_| {dÚwV e{º$ ^r
small power consumption. H$_ bJVr WrŸ&
2. Standardisation of computers began to 2. H$åß`yQ>a H$m _mZH$sH$aU ewê$ hþAm Ÿ& Bggo gm°âQ>do`a
reduce the overall cost of software. H$s bmJV _| H$m\$s H$_r AmB© Ÿ&
3. Semiconductor memory (RAM and ROM) 3. AY©MmbH$ _o_moar (RAM d ROM) H$m Cn`moJ hþAm&
was employed.
4. Cache memory was introduced. 4. Ho$e _o_moar H$m Cn`moJ hþAm Ÿ&
5. Pipelining was introduced. 5. nmB©ncmBqZJ H$s {d{Y AnZmB© JB© Ÿ&
6. Multiprocessing, multiprogramming, 6. _pëQ>àmogoqgJ, _pëQ>àmoJ«mq_J VWm _pëQ`yOa Am°naooqQ>J
multiuser operating systems, were intro- {gñQ>_ AnZmE JEŸ&
duced.
7. The concept of virtual memory was intro- 7. dMw©Ab _o_moar H$s YmaUm Cn`moJ _| AmB© Ÿ&
duced.
Examples of Third Generation Computers: V¥Vr` nr‹T>r Ho$ H$åß`yQ>am| Ho$ CXmhaU … IBM sys-
IBM system/360 series, IBM/370 series, CDC tem/360 series, IBM/370 series, CDC 6660 (su-
6660 (super computer), CDC 7600 , PDP 11 per computer), CDC 7600 , PDP 11

Fourth Generation (1975) MVwW© nr‹T>r (1975)
The computers using VLSI (Very Large Bg nr‹T>r _| VLSI (Very Large Scale Integra-
Scale Integration) Technology are kept in forth tion) VH$ZrH$s Cn¶moJ H$aZo dmbo H$å߶yQ>g© H$mo Mm¡Wr
generation. In this technology, thousands and nr‹T>r ‘| aIm J¶m Wm& Bg VH$ZrH$ ‘|, hOmam|-bmIm| H$s
millions of transistors can be packed in a single g§»`m _| Ad`dm| H$mo EH$ hr IC _| ~Zm {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
IC. The whole circuit of CPU can be manufac-
tured in a single chip called microprocessor. At g§nyU© CPU Ho$ n[anW H$mo EH$ hr IC _| ~Zm {X`m OmVm
the same time the whole circuit of the micro- h¡, {Ogo _mBH«$moàmogoga H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& gmW hr g§nyU©
computer can also be packed on single chip _mBH«$moH$åß`yQ>a Ho$ n[anW H$mo ^r EH$ hr {Mn _| ~Zm
called microcontrollers. The fourth generation {X`m OmVm h¡, {Ogo _mBH«$moH§$Q´>moba H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg nr‹T>r
computers can be characterised with following Ho$ H$åß`yQ>am| H$s {ZåZ {deofVmE± Wr…
properties:
1. The CPU can be built in a single chip called 1. CPU H$mo EH$ qgJb {Mn na ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡
microprocessor. Thus, the CPU is a single {Ogo _mBH«$moàmogoga H$h gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma CPU
component in the computer Circuit. In H$åß`yQ>a g{H©$Q> _| EH$ qgJb H$ånmoZoÝQ> h¡Ÿ& gwna
super computers large number of micro- H$åß`yQ>a _| H$B© _mBH«$moàmogoga {Mn EH$ CPU H$m
processor chips may form a CPU. {Z_m©U H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&