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48 √«¡º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß»“ μ√“®“√¬å®‘μμ‘ μ‘ß»¿—∑‘¬å

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·≈–»’≈∏√√¡Õ—π¥’ß“¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π °ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–π’È®÷߇√’¬°«à“ °ÆÀ¡“¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫
§«“¡ ß∫‡√’¬∫√âÕ¬ §√—Èπ —ߧ¡‡®√‘≠¢÷ÈπÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õߪ√—™≠“‚¥¬‡©æ“–¢Õß Stoics ·≈–
¢Õß Aristotle ∑”„Àâ§π‡√‘Ë¡§‘¥·¬°≈–‡¡‘¥ÕÕ°®“°Õ“≠“ „πÀπ—ß ◊Õ Nicomachaen

Ethics ¢Õß Aristotle π—Èπ ‡¢“«“ß·π«°ÆÀ¡“¬≈–‡¡‘¥ —≠≠“μ“¡À≈—°§«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡
„π‡√◊ËÕß™¥„™â§à“‡ ’¬À“¬ ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°°—π∑—Ë«‰ª„ππ“¡¢Õß corrective justice À√◊Õ rectificatory
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justice μ“¡À≈—°°“√¢Õß Aristotle π—Èπ ‡¢“‡°’ˬ«¢âÕ߇©æ“–ªí®‡®°™π§◊Õ ™¥„™â
§à“‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°àªí®‡®°™π ‚¥¬‰¡à§‘¥≈ß‚∑…®”‡≈¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇪ìπμ—«Õ¬à“ß„π —ߧ¡ ‡Àμÿº≈

¢Õ߇¢“®÷߉¡à‰¥â§”π÷ß∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫μàÕ —ߧ¡ ·μà¡ÿàßμàÕ°“√·°â¢âÕ¢—¥·¬â߇©æ“–μ—«∫ÿ§§≈
‡Àμÿº≈ª√–‡¿∑π’È®÷߉¡à„™à‡Àμÿº≈ªØ‘∫—μ‘ (practical reason) ‡æ√“–‰¡à‰¥â¡Õß corrective
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justice «à“‡ªìπ ∂“∫—π∑’ËÕ“® —Ëß Õπ§π„π —ߧ¡‰¥â

§«“¡§‘¥μ“¡·π«π’È°≈—∫·æ√àÀ≈“¬„π¬ÿ‚√ªμ—Èß·μà»μ«√√…∑’Ë Ò˜ ‚¥¬ Grotius
·≈– Pufendorf §«“¡§‘¥·∫∫π’È∑”„Àâ∑ƒ…Æ’≈–‡¡‘¥¡’æ◊Èπ∞“πÕ¬Ÿà∑’˧«“¡§‘¥„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√

·∫àߧ«“¡‡ ’ˬ߿—¬·≈–·∫àߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬·≈–™¥„™â§à“‡ ’¬À“¬ ‰¡à¡’°“√≈ß‚∑…À√◊Õ‡≈àπ
∫∑°“√»÷°…“ —Ëß Õπ (educational role) ∑ƒ…Æ’π’È∂â“«‘«—≤π“°“√ Ÿß ÿ¥¬Õ¥·≈â«®–ª√“°Ø«à“

¡’°“√ √â“ß√–∫∫ª√–°—π —ߧ¡ ‚¥¬¡’√—∞‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π —ߧ¡
‡æ√“–©–π—È𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑—Èß¡«≈®÷ß¡’√—∞‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ „π∑’Ë ÿ¥ fault principle „π

≈–‡¡‘¥°Á∂Ÿ°¬°‡≈‘°‰ª °ÆÀ¡“¬≈–‡¡‘¥ ‘È𧫓¡À¡“¬ ∑ƒ…Æ’‡ ’ˬ߿—¬·≈–°“√ª√–°—π
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—ߧ¡√—∫Àπâ“∑’Ë™¥„™â§à“‡ ’¬À“¬‰ª·∑π ∑ƒ…Æ’π’ÈÕÿ∫—μ‘„π‡¬Õ√¡—π‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°‚¥¬

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ª√–«—쑧«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢ÕßÀ≈—°‡√◊ËÕß欓∫“∑π’È ¢Õ„À⥟ Geoffrey MacCormach, Revenge and
Compensation in Early Law (1973) 21 American Journal of Comparative Law,

P.P. 69-85; Von Bar, History of Continenal Criminal Law (Rothman, N.Y. 1968) ch.l.
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Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, V. (iv), (Loeb. Transl. 1926); H.L.A. Hart,
The Concept of Law (Oxford, Clarendon, 1961) P. 160.
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H.L.A. Hart, ibid.
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Harry Kalven, Torts : The Quest for Appropriate Standards (1965) 53. California
Law Review 189; James, Accident Liability Reconsidered : The Impact of Liability
Insurance (1948) 57 Yale Law Journal 549; James, Social Insurance and Tort

Liabilityé : The Problem of Alternative Remedies (1952) 27 New York University
Law Review 537.,; Friedman, Social Insurance and The Principles of Tort Liability
(1949) 63 Harvard Law Review 241.