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                 ®–¢Õπ”‡Õ“§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õßπ—°π‘μ‘»“ μ√å„π°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ Ù °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬

                 §◊Õ (Ò) °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»‚´‡™’¬≈≈‘ μå ¡’√— ‡´’¬‡ªìπÕ“∑‘ (Ú) °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»· °π¥‘‡π‡«’¬π
                 (Û) °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»·Õß‚°≈-Õ‡¡√‘°—π ·≈– (Ù) °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬μ“¡·π«§‘¥·∫∫

                  ”π—°ª√–«—μ‘»“ μ√å (historical school of law) §◊Õ ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡—π °“√Õ∏‘∫“¬π’È
                 ®–Õ∏‘∫“¬Õ¬à“߬àπ¬àÕ ·μà‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß®–‰¥â‡¢’¬π‰«âÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π∑ÿ°μÕπ


                        „πª√–‡∑»‚´‡™’¬≈≈‘ μå ‚¥¬‡©æ“–√— ‡´’¬·μॗÈ߇¥‘¡‰¥â√—∫‡Õ“·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë«à“
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                 ≈–‡¡‘¥‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕߢÕß°“√™¥„™â§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬·μà‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬« (compensatory idea)
                 §√—Èππ“π«—π‡¢â“¡’ºŸâ‡ πÕ„Àâπ”‡Õ“∑ƒ…Æ’‡ ’ˬ߿—¬ (theory of risk) ¡“„™â μ“¡·π«

                 §«“¡§‘¥‡™àππ’È∑”„Àâ√—∞√—∫¿“√–Àπâ“∑’ˇ√◊ËÕß°“√®—¥μ—Èß «— ¥‘°“√·≈–°“√ª√–°—π —ߧ¡ (social
                 insurance) ¢÷Èπ √— ‡´’¬®÷ß«‘«—≤π“°“√„π°“√™¥„™â§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μ“¡·π«ª√–°—π —ߧ¡

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                 ·≈–·π«∑ƒ…Æ’‡ ’¬ß¿—¬μ≈Õ¥¡“  „π√— ‡´’¬π—Èπ®÷ß¡’ªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕßÕ—μ√“°“√∑”≈–‡¡‘¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ
                 ∑ÿ°¢≥–®π®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ¿—¬ —ߧ¡Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“–ª√–™“™π‰¡à√Ÿâ®—°Àπâ“∑’Ë√–¡—¥√–«—ß
                 ·μà°≈—∫„®‡¬Áπ‡æ√“–μπ‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπºŸâ®à“¬§à“‡ ’¬À“¬ √—∞∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫‰ªÀ¡¥·≈â«

                 ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡™àππ’È√— ‡´’¬®÷ß欓¬“¡·°âªí≠À“¥â«¬°“√∫—≠≠—μ‘Àπâ“∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„Àâª√–™“™π
                                                              (ÚÙ)
                 ‡§“√æ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π (comradely mutual respect)  ∫∑∫—≠≠—μ‘Õ—ππ’È∑”„ÀâÀ≈—°‡√◊ËÕß
                 §«“¡º‘¥ (fault principle) ·≈–∑ƒ…Æ’°“√≈ß‚∑…∑“ß≈–‡¡‘¥ (punitive idea of tort)

                 °≈—∫¡“‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬≈–‡¡‘¥Õ’°§√—ÈßÀπ÷Ëß ‡æ√“–§«“¡®√‘ßÀπ’‰¡àæâπ«à“ ¡πÿ…¬å
                 ¬—ߧ߇ªìπ¡πÿ…¬åªÿ∂ÿ™πÕ¬Ÿà §”«à“ªÿ∂ÿ™π°Á¬—ßÀ𒧫“¡ª√–¡“∑ §«“¡‡ÀÁπ·°àμ—«·≈–°‘‡≈ μà“ßÊ



                 (ÚÒ)
                    ¥√. ®’Í¥ ‡»√…∞∫ÿμ√, op. cit. Àπâ“ ıı ¥√. ®’Í¥ °≈à“««à“ çÀ≈—°§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑“ß≈–‡¡‘¥¡’«—μ∂ÿª√– ß§å
                    ¡ÿà߉ª„π∑“ß„™â§à“ ‘π‰À¡∑¥·∑π ‰¡à„™à≈ß‚∑…Õ“≠“·°àºŸâ≈–‡¡‘¥é
                 (ÚÚ)
                    John N. Hazard, Communists and Their Law: A Search For The Common Core
                    of The Legal Systems of the Marxian Socialist States. (Chicago, 1969) ch. 15
                    G. Eorsi, Fundamental Problems of Socialist Civil Law (1970)
                 (ÚÛ)
                    Hazard, ibid.
                 (ÚÙ)
                    Hazard, at P.P. 385-416; see The Soviet Communist Party 1961 Code of Morals.
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