Page 373 - Essentials of Human Communication

352 Index

Power, 203 Proof effect-cause pattern organization in,
coercive, 13 emotion as, 294 228–229
culture and, 17, 193, 289 organization of speeches and, 226t error correction during, 219
as dimension of communication, 10t, Prophecy, self-fulfilling, 37–38 ethics of, 263
12–14 Protective families, 145 evaluating materials and, 221, 221t
expert, 13 Provisionalism in conflict, 167 evaluation of, 253–254, 257–259
information, 14 Proxemics, 101–103, 103t experience in, 209
legitimate, 13 Proximity, 150 extemporaneous, 249
persuasive speeches and, 289 Proximity rule of organization, 36 eye contact in, 252
public speaking and, 239 Psychological context of communication, facial expression in, 252
referent, 13 7–8 feedback and, 253
reward, 13 Psychological noise, 8 fiction/fact pattern organization
types of, 13–14 Psychological time, 112 in, 227
Power distances, 17, 193, 289 Psychology, audience, 217–218, 217t figures of speech in, 238, 238t
Pragma love, 144 Psychomotor effects of five “W” questions pattern organiza-
Predictability, uncertainty and, 42 communication, 9 tion in, 227
Prejudices, and listening, 55–56 Public communication, 4 focus and, 210
Premature judgment, listening and, Public distance, 102–103, 103t formal language in, 238
56–57, 60 Public separation, 139f, 142 gaining attention and, 241–242
Preparation of small groups, 202 Public speaking, 3, 4. See also types of, e.g. gesture in, 252
Preparation outline for speeches, 244–245 Informative speeches hesitations in, 239
Present focus in conflict, 168 abstraction in, 237 idioms in, 237
Presentation aids, 268–274, 276 adapting during, 218–219 imagery in, 238
computer-assisted, 271–274, 276 advantages-disadvantages pattern immediacy in, 239
media of, 269–270, 269f organization, 226t impromptu, 249
types of, 268–269, 268f, 269f appearance and, 253 informal language in, 238
use of, 271 apprehension about, 209–211 integrating research into, 222
Presentation speech, 275 appropriate language in, 238, 239 intensifiers in, 239
Presentations, 3 articulation in, 251 internal summary in, 243
Pressure audience analysis and, 216–219 introduction in, 241–242, 242–243
to self-disclose, 34–35 audience sociology and, 217t limiting topics for, 214, 214f, 215
in small groups, 186 benefits of, 208 listening and, 210, 218
Primacy effect, 38 body action in, 252–253 main ideas for, 224–225
Primary relationships, 145. See also brainstorming and, 213 main points for, 277, 281, 282, 297,
Family; Love; Relationships breathing and, 210 299, 300–301, 304–305
Primary sources of research, 220 cause-effect pattern organization in, manuscript, 249
Primary territories, 103 228–229 motivated sequence in, 289–290, 290t
Pro and con pattern organization, 226t citing research sources for, 222 motivated sequence pattern
Pro-social deception, 71 claim and proof pattern organization organization in, 229–230
Problem-solution pattern organization, in, 226t movement in, 253
228 clarity in, 237 multiple definition pattern
Problem-solving closure in, 240–241 organization in, 227
analysis and, 185 common errors in, 242–243 notes in, 253
in business, 186–188 comparison and contrast pattern offensive language in, 238, 239
defining the problem and, 185 organization in, 226t oral style and, 237
Delphi method for, 187, 188 computer-mediated, 208 organization of, 226–230, 226–227t
nominal group technique for, 186–187 conclusion in, 240–241, 242–243 orienting the audience and, 242
problem definition in, 185f connectives in, 243 outlines for, 244–248
quality circles for, 188 as conversation, 210 pauses in, 251–252
in small groups, 184–188, 185f criticism of, 253–254, 257–259 personal pronouns in, 239
solution evaluation in, 185, 185f culture and, 212, 213, 258 personal style in, 239
solution selection in, 185, 185f defined, 208 plagiarism and, 222–223
steps of, 184–186, 185f delivery methods for, 249 positivity and, 209
Problem-solving sequence, 184–186, 185f delivery of, 211f, 247, 249–253 posture in, 252
Procedural technicians, 195 delivery outline for, 247, 248 power in, 239
Procrastination, public speaking and, 211 disqualifiers in, 239 practice for, 210
Profession. See Workplace distractions and, 211 preparation for, 208–233, 211f
Pronunciation, 251 economy of words and, 237 preparation outline for, 244–245