Page 372 - Essentials of Human Communication

Index 351

Orientation negative face and, 44 on questions of policy, 304–305, 305t
affectional, 80–81, 84 organization of, 36 on questions of value, 300–301, 305t
allness, 85–86 overattribution and, 39 reasoning in, 291–292
conformity-, 145 person, 37 samples of, 255–256, 298, 302–304
conversation-, 145 politeness strategies and, 44 selective exposure and, 288–289
extensional, 85 positive face and, 44 sign reasoning in, 291–292
group, 196–197 primacy-recency and, 38 special occasions and, 298
intensional, 85 processes of, 37–39 from specific to general reasoning in,
nonallness, 86 proximity rule of organization and, 36 291
time, 17, 17t, 111–113, 289 recall of, 36–37 support of, 290–297, 299, 301, 305
Orienting the audience, 242 reducing uncertainty of, 41–42 types of, 297–304
Others self-deprecating strategies and, 45 Phatic communication, 6
burden of self-disclosure on, 34 self-fulfilling prophecy and, 37–38 Photographs in informative speech, 269
comparison with, 25–26 self-handicapping strategies and, 45 Physical abuse, 165
listening to, 28 self-monitoring strategies and, 45 Physical attractiveness, 149
self-image and, 25, 25f self-serving bias and, 39 Physical context of communication, 7–8
Outlines for speeches, 244–248 similarity rule of organization and, 36 Physical distractions, and listening,
Overattribution, 39 stages of, 35–37 54–55
Overlaps, 124–125 stereotyping and, 38 Physical noise, 8
Overload, message, 7 stimulation of, 35–36 Physiological needs, 292, 293f
Perceptual contact, 139f, 140 Physiological noise, 8
P-E-T (Parent Effectiveness Training), 63 Permanence of communication, 15 Pictures
Panel, 177, 177f Person perception, 37 defining by, 267
Paralanguage, 108–110 Personal attacks, in persuasive speech, in informative speech, 269
Paraphrasing, 52 296–297 Piercings, 105–106
active listening and, 63 Personal distance, 102, 103t Pity, appeals to, 294
Parasocial relationships, 138 Personal growth groups, 182–184 Plagiarism, 222–223
Parent Effectiveness Training (P-E-T), 63 Personal pronouns in public speaking, 239 Playing, as purpose of communication,
Participating style of leadership, 200 Personal style in speeches, 239 9, 10t
Passive language, 240 Personality, 149, 163 Pluralistic families, 145
Pauses in public speaking, 251–252 Personification, 238t Point of view, listening and, 52, 54, 59
Peaceful relations, 77 Persuasion continuum, 287f Polarization, 87–88
People in informative speech, 269 Persuasive speeches, 215t, 216, 286–305 Policy questions, 304–305, 305t
Perception, 35–47 amounts of change principle and, 287f, Polite listening, 61–62
affinity-seeking strategies and, 43–44 288 Politeness, 44
analysis of, 40 audience participation in, 288 cell phones and, 62t
attribution of control and, 39 cause and effect reasoning in, 291 conversation and, 127–128
checking of, 40–41 change and, 287f, 288 gender and, 73, 74
contrast rule of organization and, 36 character and, 296 impression management and, 44
credibility strategies and, 44–45 charisma and, 296 negative, 44
culture and, 40, 42 competence and, 295 netiquette and, 74t
defined, 35 credibility appeals in, 294–297 online, 73–74, 74t
early versus later, 38, 40 culture and, 289, 294–295 on social networking sites, 74t
ethics and, 47 developing, 299 verbal messages and, 73–74
evaluation of, 36 emotional appeals in, 292–294, 293f Political beliefs, audience sociology and,
failure and, 45 ethics in, 294 217t
first impressions and, 38, 40 fallacies in, 292, 294, 296–297 Polychronism, 113
fundamental attribution error and, 39 focus of, 288 Positive face, and impression
Galileo and the Ghosts technique for, goals of, 287 management, 44
40–41 guidelines for, 288–290 Positive feedback, and listening, 62
image-confirming strategies and, 46 logical appeals in, 290–292 Positivity
impression formation and, 37–42 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and, computer-mediated communication
impression management and, 42–47 292–293, 293f and, 183
increasing accuracy of, 39–42 motivated sequence in, 289–290, 290t conflict and, 159–160
influencing strategies and, 45–46 motivational appeals in, 292–293, 293f criticism and, 257
interpretation of, 36 organization of, 300, 301, 305 language choice and, 240
just world hypothesis and, 40 persuasion continuum, 287f public speaking and, 209
memory in, 36 on questions of fact, 297, 299–300, 305t Posture in public speaking, 252