Page 368 - Essentials of Human Communication

Index 347

Honesty, ethical relationships and, 151 Impression management, 42–47, 94–95, of definition, 281–282
Hyperbole, 238t 96. See also Impression formation definitions in, 267
affinity-seeking strategies and, 43–44 of demonstration, 282–283
I-messages, 166 credibility strategies and, 44–45 of description, 276–277, 279–281
conflict and, 165 ethics of, 47 examples in, 265
during responding stage of listening, 54 failure and, 45 guidelines for, 263–264
Identification, messages of, 106–107 first impressions and, 180 illustrations in, 265
Identifiers, 83–85 image-confirming strategies and, 46 limiting, 263–264
Identity management, 42. See also influencing strategies and, 45–46 memory and, 264
Impression management negative face and, 44 narratives in, 265
Identity, ethnic, 18–19 politeness strategies and, 44 numerical data in, 266–267
Idioms, 237 positive face and, 44 presentation aids in, 268–274, 276
Illustrations in informative speech, 265, self-deprecating strategies and, 45 sample of, 231–233, 278–279
269 self-handicapping strategies and, 45 special occasions and, 275
Illustrators, 98, 99t self-monitoring strategies and, 45 supporting materials for, 265–268
Image-confirming strategies, and impres- within small groups, 176 testimony in, 266
sion management, 46 small groups and, 180 types of, 275, 276–283
Imagery in public speaking, 238 Impromptu speeches, 249 Initiators, in small groups, 195
Immediacy Inactive listening, 63–64 Inspirational speech, 298
in conflict, 168 Inattention, civil, 101 Instant messaging, 3
in conversation, 126–127 Income, audience sociology and, 217t Institutional ageism, 81
culture and, 127 Incompatibility, and conflict, 157 Institutional heterosexism, 80–81
intimacy and, 127 Independents, 145 Institutional racism, 80
in public speaking, 239 Index, 87 Institutional sexism, 82
Impolite listening, 61–62 Indirect language, 239 Integrating research into speeches,
Imposter phenomenon, self-esteem and, Indirectness, 73 222
29–30 gender and, 78 Intellectual effects of communication, 9
Impression formation. See also First verbal messages and, 77–78 Intensifiers in public speaking, 239
impressions; Impression management Indiscrimination, 87 Intensional orientation, 85
affinity-seeking strategies and, 43–44 Individual ageism, 81 Interaction, in small groups, 202
analysis of, 40 Individual heterosexism, 80 Interaction management, ethical
attribution of control and, 39 Individual racism, 80 relationships and, 151
checking perceptions and, 40–41 Individual roles, 195–196 Interactional contact, 139f, 140
credibility strategies and, 44–45 Individual sexism, 82 Intercultural communication, 16–19, 17t,
culture and, 40, 42 Individualist cultures, 17, 192–193 19t. See also Culture
early versus later, 38, 40 conflict and, 160 acceptable group terms and, 83–85
ethics and, 47 listening and, 65 aim of cultural perspective and, 18
failure and, 45 paralanguage and, 109–110 assertiveness and, 76
fundamental attribution error and, 39 persuasive speeches and, 289 assimilationist perspective and, 16
image-confirming strategies and, 46 silence and, 109–110 audience sociology and, 217t
increasing accuracy of, 39–42 time and, 112–113 collectivist cultures and (See
influencing strategies and, 45–46 Indulgence, culture and, 17 Collectivist cultures)
just world hypothesis and, 40 Inevitability of communication, 10t, 15 color communication and, 105
management and, 42–47 Inference versus fact, 86–87 competence and, 20
negative face and, 44 Influence, 96 computer-mediated communication
overattribution and, 39 impression management and, 45–46 and, 179
perception and, 37–42 as purpose of communication, 9, 10t conflict and, 160
politeness strategies and, 44 self-image and, 26 conversation and, 127
positive face and, 44 Influencing strategies, 45–46 credibility and, 294–297
primacy-recency and, 38 Informal language, 238 criticism and, 258
Pygmalion effect and, 38 Information, online, 220–221, 221t cultural diversity perspective and, 16
reducing uncertainty of, 41–42 Information power, 14 deception and, 71
self-deprecating strategies and, 45 Information seekers, 195 demographics and, 16
self-fulfilling prophecy and, 37–38 Information-sharing groups, 181–182 directness and, 77–78
self-handicapping strategies and, 45 Informative speeches, 215, 215t, 262–283 display rules and, 65
self-monitoring strategies and, 45 audience and, 263 economic interdependence and, 16
self-serving bias and, 39 complexity of, 264 ethnocentrism and, 18–19, 19t
stereotyping and, 38 computer-assisted, 271–274, 276 eye contact and, 65, 101