Page 370 - Essentials of Human Communication
P. 370
Index 349
styles of, 200, 201–202 language and, 65 Management
telling style of, 200 mental distractions and, 54–55 of conflict, 163–170
traits approach to, 199–200 message sending and, 218 of facial communication, 100
transformational approach to, 200 to messages in conflict, 168 impression (See Impression
Learning group, 181–182 negative empathy and, 59 management)
Learning, as purpose of communication, nonjudgmental, 60 Manic love, 144
9, 10t. See also Education nonverbal messages and, 65 Manipulation in conflict, 166
Leavetaking cues, 131 objective, 59 Manner of verbal messages, 77
Legitimate power, 13 offensive, 59 Manuscript speeches, 249
Libraries, 220 open-minded, 60 Maps in informative speech, 269
Liking, reciprocity of, 150 to others, 28 Markers, territorial, 103–104
Limiting informative, 263–264 physical distractions and, 54–55 Masculinity-femininity. See Gender
Linear communication model, 4, 5f point of view and, 52, 54, 59 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 292–293, 293f
Listening, 50–66, 51f, 53t polite, 61–62 Mass communication, 4
accent and, 65 prejudices and, 55–56 Meaning
active, 63–64 premature judgment and, 56–57, 60 connotative, 70
assimilation in, 60 to public speaking, 210, 218 denotative, 70
backchanneling cues and, 54 rapport and, 65–66 paraphrasing and, 52, 63
barriers to, 55–57 receiving stage of, 5, 5f, 51–52, 51f surface, 61
biases and, 55–56 remembering stage of, 51f, 52, 54 of touch, 108
classroom, 56t report talk and, 65–66 of verbal messages, 70, 73–74
collectivist cultures and, 65 responding stage of, 51f, 54 Media
competence and, 21 to self-destructive beliefs, 29 of presentation aids, 269–270, 270t
conflict and, 165 self-disclosure and, 34 relationships and, 152
to credibility appeals, 296–297 sharpening in, 60 spiral of silence theory and, 111
critical, 60 situational nature of, 58 Media literacy, 4
to criticism, 258–259 solution messages and, 64 Mediated communication. See Computer-
cues for, 66, 124–125 speech and, 65 mediated communication
culture and, 61, 64–65 surface, 61 Member participation in small groups,
deafness and, 53t understanding stage of, 51f, 52 196–198
defined, 50 Listening cues, 61, 124–125 Member roles in small groups, 194–196
depth, 61 Literacy, media, 4. See also Media Members, organizational, audience soci-
display rules and, 65 Literal meanings, 61 ology and, 217t
distinguishing fact from inference Loafing, social, 197, 198t Memory
when, 86–87 Logical appeals, in persuasive speech, informative speeches and, 264
distractions and, 54–55 290–292 listening and, 51f, 52, 54
effective, 57–64 Long-term memory, 52 in perception, 36
emotion and, 58t, 63, 127, 294 Long-term orientation, 17, 17t, 289 Mental distractions, and listening, 54–55
to emotional appeals, 294 Looking-glass self, 25 Mentoring, 146, 204
empathic, 58–59, 60, 62 Lose-lose situations, 161–162 Message overload, 7
empowerment and, 203 Lose-win situations, 162 Messages, 5–7, 5f
ethics of, 55 Love. See also Relationships anonymous, 74–75
evaluating stage of, 51f, 54 gender and, 144 backchannel, 54, 124–125
expectancy hearing and, 60 need for, 293, 293f cherishing, 142
eye contact and, 62, 65 romantic rules and, 150–151 in conflict, 168
fact versus opinion and, 54 types of, 143–144 content, 61
to fallacies, 294, 296–297 Low-context cultures, 17, 179 of deception, 71–72
feedback and, 62, 65 Low-power-distance cultures, 17, 193, 289 I-messages, 54, 165, 166
five-stage model of, 51–54, 51f Low-uncertainty avoidance cultures, levels of, 61
forced, 62 289 listening, 218
gender and, 65–66 Ludic love, 143 nonverbal (See Nonverbal
to hate speech, 56 Lying communication)
hearing as distinct from, 51 ethics of, 72 onymous, 74
impolite, 61–62 messages of, 71–72 relational, 12, 61
inactive, 63–64 nonverbal messages and, 96 solution, 64
individualist cultures and, 65 truth bias and, 72
interruptions and, 61, 124–125 Maintenance roles, 195 verbal (See Verbal messages)
lack of focus and, 56 Majority rule, 186 you-, 166
