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√«¡º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß»“ μ√“®“√¬å®‘μμ‘ μ‘ß»¿—∑‘¬å 59

Ú. °“√„Àâ§à“‡ ’¬À“¬‡ªìπ°“√≈ß‚∑…π—Èπ πà“®–‡ªì𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥‡©æ“–μ—« ªí≠À“

®÷ß¡’Õ¬Ÿà«à“∂â“®”‡≈¬μ“¬ §«“¡√—∫º‘¥π’È®–À¡¥ ‘Èπ‰ª¥â«¬À√◊Õ‰¡à? ®–‰ªøÑÕß√âÕ߇Փ°—∫
(Û¯)
°Õß¡√¥°¢Õß®”‡≈¬‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à
Û. ∂â“§à“‡ ’¬À“¬‡ªì𧫓¡√—∫º‘¥‡©æ“–μ—« »“≈®–„Àâ𓬮â“ß√—∫º‘¥μ“¡¡“μ√“

ÙÚı (vicarious liability) π—Èπ§«√À√◊Õ‰¡à? Õ¬à“ß„πÆ’°“π’È‚®∑°åøÑÕßμ“¡¡“μ√“ ÙÚı
„Àâ𓬮â“ß√—∫º‘¥ »“≈Æ’°“μ—¥ ‘π«à“ 𓬮â“ßμâÕß√—∫º‘¥¥â«¬ ºŸâ‡¢’¬π‡ÀÁπ«à“»“≈Æ’°“∂Ÿ°

„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’ÈÕ’° ‡æ√“–§«“¡√—∫º‘¥¢Õß𓬮â“ß∑’Ë¡’μàÕ≈Ÿ°®â“ßπ—Èπ ∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¢âÕ¬°‡«âπ
À≈—°°“√∑’Ë«à“°“√≈ß‚∑…π—Èπ‡ªìπ°“√≈ß‚∑…‡©æ“–μ—« „π‡¬Õ√¡—π·π«§«“¡§‘¥°Á‡ªìπ‡™àπ∑’Ë
(Û˘)
»“≈Æ’°“μ—¥ ‘πÕ¬Ÿàπ’È ·μà„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ë„™â common law π—Èπ ¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ∑’ˬÿμ‘°—π«à“
»“≈®–„Àâ𓬮â“ß√—∫º‘¥„π∑ÿ°°√≥’‰ª‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à πà“®–¡’∫“ß°√≥’∑’Ë𓬮â“߉¡àμâÕß√—∫º‘¥
(Ù)
°ÁÕ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â

ºŸâ‡¢’¬π‡ÀÁπ«à“∑—Ë«‚≈°‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°ª√–‡∑» 𓬮â“ß¡’ ‘∑∏‘‰≈à‡∫’Ȭ‡Õ“°—∫≈Ÿ°®â“ß Õ¬à“ß

„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“°Á¡’¡“μ√“ ÙÚˆ, ª.æ.æ. ∑’Ë„™â ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«·°à𓬮â“ß ≈Ÿ°®â“߬àÕ¡∂Ÿ°
≈ß‚∑…„π∫—Èπª≈“¬¥â«¬°“√∂Ÿ°μ—¥‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ À√◊Õ‰≈à‡∫’Ȭ‡Õ“·°à∑√—æ¬å ‘π„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ

≈Ÿ°®â“߬àÕ¡∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…„π∑⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥

Ù. „π°√≥’ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕÕ¬à“ß√⓬·√ß (gross negligence) π—Èπ ®”‡≈¬¬àÕ¡
∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…μ“¡¡“μ√“ Ú˘Ò ¢Õߪ√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ °“√∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…∑“ß·æàßÕ’°

°√–∑ßÀπ÷Ëß®–¡‘‡ªìπ°“√æ‘®“√≥“‚∑…´È” Õß (double jeopardy) À√◊Õ? ªí≠À“π’È
‰¡à “¡“√∂μÕ∫‰¥â„π‡π◊ÈÕ∑’Ë·§àπ’È ·μຟ⇢’¬π‡Õß√Ÿâ ÷°¡“π“π·≈â««à“ ¡“μ√“ Ú˘Ò πà“®–‰¡à¡’

ª√“°Ø„πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ‡æ√“–查°—πμ“¡»—æ∑å°ÆÀ¡“¬°Á§◊Õ«à“ºŸâ°√–∑”º‘¥
(ÙÒ)
‰¡à¡’ malice aforethougth À√◊Õ mens rea Õ¬à“ßπ’Èπà“®–≈ß‚∑…μ“¡¡“μ√“ ÙÚ

(Û¯)
„πÕ—ß°ƒ…π—Èπ¡’æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘„Àâ‚®∑°åøÑÕß°Õß¡√¥°¢Õß®”‡≈¬‰¥â (section 1 (1), 2 of The
Law Reform (Misc. Prov.) Act. 1934)
(Û˘)
¥Ÿμ—«Õ¬à“ß section 53, III of the Air Traffic Law.
(Ù)
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ry. Co. V. Prentice (1893) 147 U.S. 101:;
rd
Prosser, Torts (3 ed.), 1964) P, 12; Wasson V. California Standard Oil Co. (1964)
nd
47 D.L.R (2 ) 71.
(ÙÒ)
Cf.H.L.A. Hart, Negligence, Mens Rea and Criminal Responsibility, published in
Oxford Essays of Jurisprudence, ch. 2.