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‫‪ ‬لخ�‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
                                                                             ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫الم‪‬يم الر‪‬ي�سة‬                                                                 ‫الم‪‬ردا‪‬‬

                                                                                  ‫‪ 1-1‬اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ‬

‫‪  ‬ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳـﺔ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬      ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻃﻦ‬             ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
                                                      ‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬     ‫ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬     ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ‬
                                                                                                  ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓـﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‬         ‫ﺍﻻﻓﱰﺍﺱ‬       ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
                                                                                     ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ‬       ‫ﺍﳉﲈﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
                                                      ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﲥﺎ‪.‬‬            ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻳﺾ‬       ‫ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ‬
‫• ﺗﺸـﻤﻞ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴـﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﺍﳊـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﲈﻋـﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬           ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ‬
                                                                                     ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬          ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
                  ‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ‪.‬‬                             ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﹸﲢ ﱢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﲈﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

                                                  ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
          ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪  ‬ﲢﺼـﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬   ‫‪ 1-2‬اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
                                                             ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
                                                                                                                  ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺎﻗ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻦ‬                                     ‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
                                      ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺬﺍﺀﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
                                                                                                                 ‫ﺁﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫• ﺗﻀـﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴـﺔ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ ﺁﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺸـﺎﺏ ﻭﺁﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ‬                                             ‫ﺁﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ‬
                                           ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
                                                                                                              ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺗﺔ‬
                      ‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮ￯ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬                                   ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳـﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻧﲈﺫﺝ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺒﲔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
                                                                                                                ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮ￯ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
                                                    ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬                                         ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
                                                                                                                 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

                                                                                                                  ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪  ‬ﻳﻌـﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬                  ‫‪ 1-3‬ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
                                                                    ‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬                                        ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫• ﺗﺘﻀﻤـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺒـﺎﺩ ﹰﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬                                 ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
                                                                                               ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
                                              ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
                          ‫• ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪.‬‬                                  ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ‬
               ‫• ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬                                  ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﱰﻭﺟﲔ‬
              ‫• ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﻭﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‪35 www.obeikaneducation.com :‬‬

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